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BIOLOGY 172: LECTURE 33: CHEMICAL SIGNALING IN ANIMALS
Autocrine Signals |
Acts on same cell that secretes them
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Paracrine Signals |
Diffuse locally and act on neighboring cells
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Endocrine Signals |
Hormones carried between cells by blood or other body fluids
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Neural Signal |
Diffuse a short distance between neurons
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Neuroendocrine Signals |
Released from neurons but act on distant cells
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Pheromones |
A pheromone (from Greek phero "to bear" + hormone from Greek - "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
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Review Endocrine & Neuroendocrine pathways. |
Definition
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Hypothalamus |
The Hypothalamus (from Greek - = under and = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Thyroid Glands |
In vertebrate anatomy, the thyroid gland or simply, the thyroid (), is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body.
In throat area
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Adrenal Glands |
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; in humans, the right suprarenal gland is triangular shaped while the left suprarenal gland is semilunar shaped.
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Polypeptides-Secretin |
Not lipid soluble; Bind to receptors on surface of target cell
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Amino Acid Derivatives-Epinephrine |
Most not lipid soluble; bind to receptors on surface of target cell
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Steroids-Cortisol |
Lipid soluble; often bind to receptors inside target cell
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Adipose Tissue |
In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or fat depot or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes.
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Leptin |
Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.
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Insulin |
Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body.
Triggers uptake and storage of glucose in effector cells
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Glucagon |
Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels.
Opposite of insulin
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Type I/II Diabetes |
I: Lack insulin
II: Defects in the insulin receptor
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Diabetic gene |
Codes for receptor of Leptin
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Obese gene |
Codes for hormone that reduces appetite and increases activity in response to fatness.
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db/db Mice |
Lack receptor of Leptin, produced more and more hormone without receptor=fatter.
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ob/ob Mice |
The ob/ob or obese mouse is a mutant mouse that eats excessively and becomes profoundly obese.
Does not produce Leptin
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fight-or-flight response |
The fight-or-flight response (also called the fight-or-flight-or-freeze response, hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon.
Short term reaction to stress
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Sympathetic Nervous system |
The (ortho-) sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems.
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Epinephrine |
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
Causes alot of changes with fight-or-flight response
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Phosphorylase |
Phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor. (forms glucose)
Activated by epinephrine
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Signal Transduction Cascade |
Signal transduction comes from the verb to 'transduce' meaning to 'lead across'.
Triggered by Epinephrine
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Cyclic Adenosine |
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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**Check out Epinephrine Action Slide** |
Definition
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Long-term Stress Response |
Regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level with steroid hormones
Short term are post transcriptional
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as 'corticotropin', 'Adrenocorticotrophic hormone', is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Controls release of glucorticoids from adrenal cortex More ACTH=More cortisol More Cortisol=less ACTH
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**See slides about cortisol (last 2 slides)** |
Definition |