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PSY 1001: Intelligence, thought, and language
What is fluid intelligence? |
the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations. Tends to decline in late adulthood. |
What is crystallized intelligence? |
Accumulation of knowledge and experience.
Improves somewhat with age, as experiences tend to expand one's knowledge
|
Outcomes Associated With Intelligence |
Racial Differences
Environment
Giftedness |
What are Nature/Nurture Predictors of Intelligence |
Education = positive
Poverty = negative
|
What are 3 things that cause Nature/Nurture Predictors of Intelligence? |
Genetic
Environment
Cultural Bias |
What are the underlying causes of impoverished environment? |
nutrition, health care, environmental contaminants. |
What are reaction Range & Intelligence |
The genetic limit on IQ
- enriched enviro = upper limit
- deprived enviro = lower limit |
what is Stereotype threat? |
fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies. |
What cognition means? |
all mental abilities and processes linked to knowledge: attention, memory & working memory, judgment & evaluation |
What are two mechanisms of stereotype threat? |
Cognitive: attempts to suppress stereotype thoughts.
Stress: increased anxiety. |
what are terman's longitudinal study of gifted? |
people that are gifted are usually healthier, have fewer divorces, and are more successful |
what is heuristics? |
rules of thumb when determining the likelihood of things. |
what is representativeness heuristic |
judging probability by how similar it is to something else to known.
Ignoring base rates or overall probability of options when making judgments. |
Give an example of a representativeness heuristic |
Imagine person x is interested in model aircraft and computers, is person x a pysicist or teacher? Most people answer physicist. This ignores that there are more teachers than physicists ). we rely on the similarity.
Thinking that a big muscular guy is a football player when he is actually a flute player.
Thinking that a shy and introvert individual is a librarian when he is actually a doctor. |
what is availability heuristic? |
judging likelihood on the basis of how easy it is to recall an instance of the event. |
Give an example of availability heuristics |
Which is more likely cause of death? shark attack or falling part of airplane
diabetes or car accidents.
Shark attack and car accidents.
People are more likely to choose the option that they recall the most. ( Media always broadcast news about shark attack and car accidents, but rarely when a person dies from diabetes) |
what is overconfidence effect? |
tendency to have too much confidence in judgments.
It occurs for experts and novices. |
Give an example of overconfidence |
students think they are going to do amazing on the exam when in actuality they didn't study enough. |
Hindsight bias |
tendency to believe, after the outcome is known, that one predicted the outcome.
the knew it all along" effect.
Memory for what we believed is changed after the outcome is known.
it could be the basis of overconfidence because we tend to think we were right all along. when actually we didn't have a clue. |
what is the reinforcement theories of language learning |
Children learn language through reinforcement of correcting their errors |
Give example of reinforcement theories of language learning |
Adults generally do not correct their kids grammatical mistakes. |