View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (62)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
PSYC 1103: EXAM 3
Is anyone really an individual?
|
No since everyone has social relationships
|
Study of how people's thoughts, feelings, & behaviors influence and are influenced by others
|
Social Psychology
|
temporal comparison
|
compare yourself to a previous state
|
Social comparison
|
compare yourself to others, a reference group ( a collection of people)
|
Upward social comparison
|
compare yourself to more skilled, better looking people. Take poor me and compare to celebrities
|
Downward social comparison
|
compare to less skilled, less able people to protect self- esteem
|
Protecting the self: Terror Management theory
|
Humans have the ability to reflect on inescapable death
this ability creates constant anxiety
Really increasing self esteem < anxiety
|
Protecting the self: Constant drive towards self-esteem to counter existential anxiety
|
self-esteem is grounded in cultural values
> self esteem buffers exposure to disturbing images, ideas
|
> self esteem buffers effects of seeing disturbing images
|
Tell people they are either really good or bad at an activity
Make them perform the activity, reinforce initial group placement
Show violent images
People in bad group feel much worse about the images
|
Social Identity
|
Self is also tied to group: nuns, liberals, athletes
Social identity is part of self concept:
Feel secure, part of large group
can be powerful motivation
can also lead to discrimination, prejudice, & conflict
|
Self-Schemas
|
Help people organize & process info. about themselves
Lots of overlap with self concept
have a hard time remembering events that are not consistent with schema
|
schemas can effect
|
memory, perception, & problem solving
|
First impressions
|
made very quickly
based on schemas
tend to assume others are like us
leads to self-fulfilling prophecy
I don't like X, avoid X, opinion about X doesn't change, reffirm I dislike X
|
Willis & Todorov
|
Manipulated time of exposure
1/10 to 1 second
unconstrained
then rate the "competence" & "trustworthiness"
found that time didn't affect people's ratings
|
Attribution
|
The processes involved in explaining the behaviors of others (how to interpret the events that you cause)
Draw on implicit theories of cognition & action\
You don't call me back! you must not love me!
|
Kelley's Attribution Theory is governed by 3 factors:
|
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
|
Consensus
|
Degree to which other actors show the same behavior
I become excited at the ice cream shop and so does everyone else (we all like ice cream= external attribution)
High consensus: external attribution
Low consensus: internal attribution
|
Consistency
|
The degree to which the behavior of the actor is the same over time
doug is always a jerk.
He shows very high consistency: internal attribution
Low consistency: external attribution
|
Distinctiveness
|
Degree to which behavior of actor is specific to this amount
when you try to judge a person and realize that this behavior is abnormal for them. They don't normally get this angry
High distinctiveness: external attribution
Low distinctiveness: internal attribution
|
Fundamental Attribution Errors
|
Tendency to attribute behaviors of others to internal factors
AKA: they are a moron
|
Ultimate Attribution Error
|
If people in a different class or group & have + outcomes, attribute that to external factors
She got an A on that test, must have guessed lucky
The other team won, we would have won on our own court
If outgroup has negative experiences, it's bc of an internal factor. They lost bc they suck
|
Actor-Observer Error
|
Tend to make internal attributions for other people, and external attributions for ourselves.
They failed that test bc they're stupid, but I failed bc I didn't get enough sleep
Might be caused by lack of info.
|
Self Serving Bais
|
Internal attribution for positive events
External attribution for negative events
|
Unrealistic Optimism
|
Good things will happen to you, negative experiences are less likely
Can lead to risky behaviors
|
Attitude
|
A tendency towards a particular cognitive, behavioral or emotional reaction to a given object or event
attitudes give you stability
physician-assisted suicides (stable attitude towards the idea), but there is a lot of change regardless of what group you are looking at, even physicians
|
Attitudes & Behaviors
|
cognitive, emotion, & behavior
Just bc I'm positive in a cognitive way doesn't mean my attitude is positive
|
Goal is to predict behavior from cognition
|
Factors:
Life Relevance: Does it matter to me?
Subjunctive Norm: Is this the way other people think
Perceived Control: Will my behavior change anything
Direct Experience: Have I lived this issue
|
Attitude Formation
|
Early learning
Meer Exposure
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
|
Early Learning
|
Explicit teaching
"Don't talk to strangers"
Modeling
"OMG Spider" "Lazy foreigners"
|
Meer Exposure
|
The more times you see/hear something, the more likely you are to tend to like it. That's why commercials repeat words
|
Operant Conditioning
|
Group reinforces "appropriate"/ similar attitudes
|
Classical Conditioning
|
Pairing somthing hat is pleasant with something you're trying to change attitude about
|
Persuasion attempt:
|
Audience Factors:
High motivation & ability to think about message
Processing Approach:
Deep processing, deciding argmnt qluity
Persuasion outcome:
Lasting change
Example: reading an editorial
|
Alternative
|
Audience Factors:
Low motive or ability to think abt message
Processing Approach:
Superficial processing, focused on communicators & attractiveness
Persuasion outcome:
temporary change that will fade
Example: watching a movie
|
Leon Festinger
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
Invited to wedding, didn't even RSVP
Can't accept that I acted innapproiatly, so say that I didn't like them anyway
Can't believe that I was scammed when I paid for my car. > cost, > +feelings to car
|
What do people assume about cognitive dissonance theory
|
people recall previous event
realign attitude to be more consistent with that behavior
dissonance is in conscious, explicit comparison
|
Lieberman et al.
|
Amnesiacs should not have been able to maintain their preference towards the art paintings, but they did after a filler task.
|
Daryl Bern
|
People do not have well-formed attitudes about many situations
If you act before consolidating an attitude, you reflect on that action to help establish the attitude
|
Portrayal of Women in the Media
|
under representation
38% of main characters in TV storylines
Sexualization
41% of video games women totally or partially nude although not engaging in sex
women and men represented in trditnal roles
women represented in subordinate roles
|
Motivations for prejudice
|
feel secure & fulfills the need for antagonism
Authoritarianism
traditional values
willingness to follow authority
Acts aggressivly to threats from outgroup
Gain social identity from anti-outgroup behvr
|
Cognitive Theories
|
Categories & concept are how we deal with the complex nature of the world
Stereotypes & prejudice reflect inference from categories
Stereotypes reflect inference from "type of person" based on unrepresentative sample
Generalizations from category to 1 person
not treating people like individuals
|
implicit vs explicit prejudice
|
implicit prejudice is not declared, but shown in behavior
|
implicit association test
|
Responding more quickly btn items means a higher association
higher IAT score means more bias.
doesn't measure explicit attitude
|
Limitations on Contact Hypothesis of prejudice
|
not all of equal status
not all experiences will be +
1:1 basis is necessary to know the person
typical group members: people make exceptions to the rule rather than give up prejudice
Jigsaw puzzle technique: work towards team goal, share same burden, share danger & stress
|
Interpersonal Attraction
|
Positive prejudice aided by:
Proimity
Positive Atmosphere
Similarity
Physical attractiveness (matching hypotheses)
|
compassionate love
|
intimacy + commitment
|
Romantic love
|
intimacy+ passion
|
Fatuous love
|
passion + commitment
|
Marital Satisfaction
|
Degree to which you want to be in the relationship
index of success in union
strongly predicts dissolution (divorce)
negative correlation
|
honeymoon is over effect
|
Most robust effect--> reality hits
Go from high satisfaction --> lower
Not universal among couples but very important
|
Predicting Marital Satisfaction
|
Personality traits & experiences prior to marriage
negative affectivity: degree to which you tend to respond to negatives
Parental divorce
Stressful events encountered once married: health concerns & financial issues
Emotional & communication skills:
|
Marital Satisfaction
|
Personality factors, stress, negative/ positive affect, & aggression
Decline in marital satisfaction appears avoidable if some or all of these factors are shared
|
Social Influence
|
We're not as autonomous as we think
People tend to mirror each other, even unconsciously
Explicit & implicit effects
|
Social Norms
|
Socially based rules which dictate how people should behave in various environments
church, school
|
Descriptive Norms
|
indicate how others typically behave in a situation
observe environment & act similarly
|
Injunctive Norms
|
Directly address acceptable & unacceptable behavior
sign stating "no talking" in the library
|
Reciprocity
|
invoked as an injunctive norm by other
Can be used strategically
|
Deindividualization
|
Person becomes immersed in the identity of a group
Loss of sense of individuality, emotionally arousing, intense group feeling
Uniforms, hoods, masks, etc.
Often allows regular people to be violent
|
Motivation
|
Presence of others can also affect performance
Social facilitation: others being present > performance (push-ups)
Social impairment: others < performance-test
Social loafing: when people share a task, expend < effort
less common in collectivist societies
|
Factors Effecting Obediance
|
Experimenter status: move outside univ. setting & compliance <
Behavior of other people
If others quit, participant is much more likely to as well
Personality
Some aspects of personality may be related to obedience (authoritarianism)
|
Cost-reward theory
|
cost to self of helping vs cost not helping
clarity of need for help
presence of other people
|
cooperation, competition, conflict
|
conflict: situation in which one group or person is seen as interfering with e goal attainment of another
|