CLAS 160B1: Study Guide for Exam 3
38 Cards in this Set
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Tiberius Gracchus
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133 BCE
Tribune of plebs
Proposed the land reforms (part 1)
Killed & dumped into the Tiber River
Sig: He was a new type of politician who appealed directly to the people & their wishes (Mr. Popular), and didn't care about the senate. He also resorted to violence to try & obtain goals …
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Gaius Gracchus 123 BCE
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Elected Tribune of Plebs
Continued land reforms
-Proposed colonies on public lands (especially in North Africa)
-Proposed grain law, which build storehouses for excess grain = boost employment
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Gaius Gracchus 122-121 BCE
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Re-elected as Tribune
Proposed citizenship to all Italians
Opposition says it devalues your own citizenship
Attempt to overturn his legislation: on the morning of the vote, opposed took over voting place by Gaius & supporters. Riot ensues = death of tribune
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Final of Gaius Gracchus
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Senatus Consultum Utimun (SCU)
- Final decree of the Senate
Acquired through the consul Opimius
Battle b/w Gracchus & the consul, Gaius commits suicide
Opimius tried & acquitted of role in this civil war
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Marius
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156-85 BCE
First man in his family to hold high office (Novus homo)
Elected tribune in 119 BCE, w/ help of Quintus Metellus
Played both sides-He was both a champion of the people & the senate
Commanded in Numidia
Considered the savior of Rome: defeats Jugurtha & 2 invading Germanic t…
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Jugurthine War
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111-104 BCE
Numidian (North Africa) = an ally of Rome
Battle for throne of Numidia
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Sulla
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138-78 BCE
Elected as consul of 88 but tribune gave command to Marius
Sulla marches on Rome & is re-instated as commander against Mithridates
83- returns with 40,000 troops and marches on Rome again, Senate elects him as dictator
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Proscription list
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If your name is on the list
-Property seized
- Possible death
No real purpose
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Prelude to 1st Triumvirate (P)
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Pompey was opposed by the Senate
Denied him ratification of his Eastern settlement
Denied land for his veterans
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Prelude to 1st Triumvirate (C)
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Caesar wanted the consulship but he was broke, had successful war campaigns in Spain but was denied exception to hold triumph & stand for consulship simultaneously, & didn't have enough support to mount a serious campaign for consulship
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Prelude to 1st Triumvirate (MC)
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Marcus Crassus wanted:
Goals less predictable but was very wealthy
His own claim to glory was victory in the slave revolt
Appears he was looking for assignment to a province where he could at last attain the glory that pompey had
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1st Triumvirate
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59 BCE
All 3 worked together to achieve their goals
Nothing legal about this
Each used their individual resources
Caesar: consulship 59, 5 year military command in Gaul Fr.
Pompey: Agrarian law passed enabling reward to his troops, Spain
Pompey & Crassus: consuls for 55
Crassus: re…
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Crassus
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55 consulship
Received province of Syria
Finally a change at glory= battle with Parthians (Rome's latest great enemy)
53 BCE: Killed by Parthians, Romans defeated
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SCU
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Senatus Consultum Ultimum
Pompey: sole consulship for 52 BCE
Senate wants to get rid of Caesar
49: Caesar crosses Rubicon River & appointed dictator (in absentia) while Pompey & others go to Greece
Caesar renounces & elected as consul
Pharsalus in Greece defeats Pompey-flees to Egypt
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SBQR
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Senate and People of Rome
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Caesar's Reforms
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Reduce absolute dominance of city of Rome by integrating Rome w/ Italy +provinces
Enlarged senate from 600 to 900
Socio-economic reforms: public work projects, colonies of Roman citizens in provinces, Municipal reform in Italy-greater uniformity of local civic admin, Julian Calendar
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End of the Roman Republic
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No written constitution (tradition)
Admin carried out by annually elected officials
End of 2nd century BCE = system break down, New/perilous precedents = Violence
By Caesar's time of dominance, politics were dominated by violence/intimidation, gen. at head, intimidation of senate thru …
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Ronald Syme
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Had the Liberators plotted real revolution instead of the mere removal of autocrat, they would clearly have failed
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Failure of "liberators"
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No plan for re-instating the Republic- Power vacuum
No account for Caesar's popularity
No account for powerful supporters
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Assassination of Caesar
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March 15, 44 BCE
Caesar was slain for what he was, not for what he might become
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March 17
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Senate meeting by Mark Antony
Declared amnesty for "liberators"
All of Caesar's acts(legislation) ratified
Public funeral in the Roman Forum for Caesar, Mark Antony gave eulogy
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Caesar's Will
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His gardens given to public
Every Roman citizen received a stipend
Chief heir & adopted son = C. Octavian
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aftermath
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liberators sent away
Brutus: govern Crete
Cassius: govern Africa
Octavian comes to Rome to claim his inheritance
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2nd Triumvirate
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Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Decisions made w/o reference to senate/tradition: Authority to make laws, Exercise jurisdiction w/o appeal, Nominate all magistrates
Main priority= pursue & punish Caesar's assassins(brutus & cassius)
Made legal
Power to make law
Power to pick who was going …
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2nd Triumvirate cont.
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Proscription list: Caesar's assassins
Military imperium
Who goes to what province
Basically ran the government
Sig: It destroyed the Roman Republic & leads to civil war
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Pompey
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106-48 BCE
Member of 1st Triumvirate
Supported Sulla
Conquered Mithridates (Eastern King)
Sig: Just wanted land for his veterans, didn't originally want the power when he returned. Becomes the senate's go to gut to get rid of Julius Caesar
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Marius
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157-85 BCE
Defeated 2 Germanic tribes threatening Rome
Consul 7 times
Sig: Reorganized the Roman army, emphasizing loyalty to the general & not to the State
Used Tribune of the plebs to take Sulla's command away from him
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Octavian/Augustus
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63-14 BCE
Caesar's heir in will
Member of 2nd triumvirate
raises private army from Caear's veterans living in southern Italy (Campania), which was made illegal by Senate (Antony declared a public enemy)
Marches on Rome, had adoption ratified & revokes amnesty for Liberators
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Octavian cont.
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Takes Gaul from Antony
Split empire
Octavia: west, has control of Italy
Antony: east, the rich provinces
Lepidus: africa
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Res Gestae Divi Augusti
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The thing is done
Secured peace & that peace depended on his continuous control of the state
His benefaction secured the well-being of the state & people
Respect for gods & care for traditional Roman values (legitimize his position)
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Greatest benefaction of Res Gestae
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Greatest benefaction was that he restored the Republic- b.c he respected Roman const., he had proper/honorable 'universal consent' & highest honors state could bestow
Conveyed that he conformed to Roman tradition but at the same time his achievement was unique
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Lie
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Lie: The people appointed Augustus consul and triumvir for the organization of the republic
Reality: He secured peace & that peace depended on his continuous control of the state
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Consequences of Mediterranean Conquest
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Rapid expansion=Many conquered Italian peoples=allies not Roman citizens
Rome almost constantly at war=relies on its conquered allies, & no one working at farms
Roman generals use war victories to get into high offices
-Wealth from conquered cities flows into Rome
-Roman gens become w…
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Consequences of Mediterranean Conquest cont.
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Large influx of slaves
Large agrarian estates worked by slaves
-small farms disappear=population moves to city
-slave rebellions (135-131)
After conquest= less income from foreign conquest
-Fewer public projects=fewer jobs
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Sulla's reforms
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Enlarged senate=300-600 most from equestrian class (wealthy)
Restricted access to offices: only consul if first quaestor then praetor
Can't be re-elected to any office for 10 yrs: army led by different gen every year
Stripped tribune of plebs of their power: can't initiate legislation,…
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Praetorian Guard
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legion of body guards created by Augustus
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Caesarion
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Julius Caesar & Cleopatra's son
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Battle of Actium
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final naval battle between Antony & Octavian
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CLAS 160B1: 160B1 Final