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CHEM 101B: chem 101 test 4
sphingolipids (s-myelins) |
amino alcohol
provides hydrophobic tail
2nd tail from a fatty acid acyl group
amide link connected to NH2 |
glycolipids |
derived from sphingosine.
have no phosphate group, sugar polar head.
have a small carbohydrate
reside in cell membranes with their carb. sego. that extend to fluid surrounding the cell. |
steroids |
4 rings
3 (cyclohexane)
1 (cyclopentane)
no fatty acids |
cholesterol |
most abundant steroid in body
hydrophobic except for OH group
distributed among the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids.
needed for cell membranes
important molecule for hormone, vitamnD & bile salts. |
eicosanoids |
derived from a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids.
synthesized throughout the body.
short lived chemical messengers that act near their point of synthesis. |
Fatty Acids |
hydrophobic
essential to lipid bilayer |
waxes |
long chain fatty acids
bonded with long chain alcohols
solid at normal temp.
hydrophobic. |
triacylglycerol |
three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
also called a fat or a triglyceride
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
Soaps |
amphipathic molecules
has hydrophobic and polar regions
Micelles |
Micelles |
spheres formed when phospholipids are added to water |
active transport |
needs energy to maintain concentration gradient.
it transforms from ATP to ADP
changes the shape of the sodium/potassium pump
bringing two K+ ions into the cell and moving three Na+ ions out of the cell. |
simple diffusion |
no proteins required
passive transport...a substance moves down it's concentration gradient without the use of a carrier molecule |
Facilitated Diffusion |
Moves down its gradient
Works well for small hydrophilic molecules
Needs a helper protein
Ex: ions, water, glucose |
lipoproteins |
micelle structure
less dense than proteins
types are Chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, HDLs
highest Cholesterol in the body are LDL's. |
Transporting lipids in body |
Not soluble in water.
Transported in blood attached to certain proteins
these complexes are called lipoproteins. |
Beta Oxidation |
Breaks down fatty acids into two-Carbon fragments
enters the Citric Acid Cycle as Acetyl CoA. |
Beta Oxidation contd. |
series of 4 reactions
oxidation, hydration,2nd oxidation, cleavage. |
ATP and B-Oxidation |
activation of fatty acid requires 2 ATP
one cycle NADH= 3 ATP
one cycle FADH= 2 ATP
acetyl-S-CoA entering the citric cycle produces 12 ATP |
ketone bodies |
produced in the liver from acetyl-S-CoA
can be used for energy by muscle & brain tissue.
helpful throughout starvation
too much can be bad, leading to ketoacidosis and blood pH levels will drop. |
Lipogenesis |
Making fatty acids from non-fat substances such as carbs, amino acids and alcohol.
Occurs when consuming excess calories
Occurs in the liver |
fatty acid Oxidation |
in mitochondria
enzymes different from synthesis
carried by coenzyme A (FAD & NADH+
Carbon atoms removed two at a time |
fatty acid Synthesis |
in cytosol
enzymes different from oxidation
carried by acyl carrier protein
coenzymes (NADPH)
carbon atoms added 2 at a time |
Urea Cycle |
catabolic-breaking down amino acids from diet.
anabolic- requires ATP,building Urea from ammonia. |
amino acids |
ketogenic- increases acetyl CoA
Glucogenic- used to form glucose.
can be both
can build new proteins |