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BY 116: NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Most abundant
2 types of Cholinergic receptors:
Nicotinic: fast (for ionotropic action)
Muscarinic- G protein: slow (2nd messenger metabotropic action)
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PNS Acetylcholine
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Excites (in both parasym. and symp. MOTOR SYSTEM)
excite pupil constriction, skeletal muscle contraction
both excite and inhibit smooth muscle
inhibits bipolar retinal cells and cardiac muscle
excites glandular secretions for digestion
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CNS Acetylcholine
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mostly excitatory
wakefulness, learning, memory, reward systems
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Acetylcholine is a (blank) signal.
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Cholinergic
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Acetylcholine is a (blank) signal.
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With Acetylcholine esterase (AChase)
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Norepinephrine (Ne)
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Made from Tyronsine (Amino Acid)
Adrenergic Receptors: Alpha and Beta
Both are G-protein 2nd messenger systems
METABOTROPIC
SLOW
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Norepinephrine is in what class?
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Bioamine Signals
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Bioamine Signals
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A stress neurotransmitter
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Origin of Acetylcholine
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All Presynaptic Neurons of ANS
Voluntary Motor Neuron
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Origin of Norepinephrine
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Post-synaptic neurons of the sympathetic division.
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Norepinephrine in PNS
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Sympathetic NS adjustments
Increases epinephrine (adrenalin)
Excites/ inhibits smooth m. control: blood flow
Relaxes bronchiole muscle
Excites cardiac muscle
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Norepinephrine PNS continued
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excites adipose tissue to release fat storage for energy
increases blood glucose
reduce excretory functions (stimulate sphincter muscles, no shittin' for you)
excites gland secretions from pancreas for digestion and metabolic regulation
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Norepinephrine in the CNS
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Generally excitatory
increases attention/wakefulness
mood/memory
cardiopulmonary regulation
diffuse modulating system
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How is norepinephrine action stopped?
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With Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
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Uses of norepinephrine?
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amphetamines/ methamphetamines increase NE realse, powerful CNS stimulant (Meth high!)
Propranolol reduce blood pressure
ephedrine decongestant: vasoconstriction of blood cells
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Dopamine
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Made from Tyrosine
Binds to Dopanergic receptors
G-protein 2nd messenger proteins
slow
metabotropic
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Origin of dopamine?
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interneurons of CNS
substantia nigra in the mesencephalon projecting to the limbic cortexes
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Actions of Dopamine?
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Increase attention/ wakefulness
reduces pain
stimulates pleasure
somatic motor plan execution
coordination
diffuse modulating
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How is Dopamine activity stopped?
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Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and reuptake
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Dopamine examples?
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Cocaine increases Dopa, ergo addictive behavior
Parkinson's is due to loss of dopanergic system, resulting in jerky movements
Schizo is related to too much Dopa actions
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How are dopamine actions stopped?
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With MAO and reuptake
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Serotonin
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Made from Tryptophan
Binds to Serotogenic Receptors
metabotropic
Actions in CNS
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Serotonin actions?
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Inhibitory actions on postsynaptic membranes lead to hyperpolarization
Stabilizes mood/ reduces anxiety
Induces sleep
Lowers appetite
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How is serotonin stopped?
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MAO and mostly reuptake
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Effects of serotonin?
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Loss leads to depression/anxiety disorders
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs: anti-depressants
keeps serotonin around longer
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Histamine
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Serotonergic
Target: limbic/ pituitary
INHIBITORY
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Glutamate/
Aspartate
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EXCITATORY CNS NEUROTRANSMITTER
3 receptor types: AMPA & NMDA
ionotropic (fast)
G-protein glutamate receptor
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Glutamate/
Aspartate actions?
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learning/memory
CNS regulation
Long-term learning and remembering tasks
Pain transmission and processing
linked to ADD
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Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
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CNS inhibitory NT
2 receptors:
GABA-A (ligand-gated ion channel
GABA-B (metabotropic G-protein)
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GABA functions?
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CNS inhibitor
reduces nerve impulses
relaxaing
sleep
controls resting metabolism (body temp)
Regulates skeletal muscle tone
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GABA examples?
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Alcohol and tranquilizers enhance GABA actions
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Glycine
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Similar to GABA but most actions in the spinal cord.
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Neuropeptides?
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Endorphin
Enkephalin
Substance P
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Neuropeptides all target ____?
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Pain neurons
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Neuropeptides originate in the ___.
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CNS and PNS
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Substance P
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The only excitatory neuropeptide.
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