BY 123: FINAL EXAM

live below the mire (mud) in swamps reduce carbon dioxide to methane (swamp gas) poisoned by oxygen (obligate anaerobe)

live in very salty places (15-20% salinity; normal sea water is 3%) color is due to the presence of a pigment called bacteriorhodopsin have the simplest form of photophosphorylation can be found in places such as Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea

older name was thermoacidophile live in areas with a pH of 2 & temps above 60 C can be found in areas such as deep sea vents or hot sulfur springs

(Eubacteria & Cyanobacteria) Kingdom Proteobacteria Kingdom Chlamydia Kingdom Spirochetes Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria Kingdom Cyanobacteria

SubGroup Alpha Proteobacteria SubGroup Beta Proteobacteria SubGroup Gamma Proteobacteria SubGroup Delta Proteobacteria SubGroup Epsilon Proteobacteria

many species are symbiotic with plants bacteria converts atmospheric N2 into compounds which the plant can use for proteins, the plant shares products of photosynthesis

includes bacteria which are important in nitrogen recycling whereby NH4+ is oxidized into NO2-

includes "sulfur" bacteria whcih oxidizes H2S producing sulfur as a waste Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella also belong here

includes slime-producing Myxobacteria includes Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria

includes many members which are pathogenic to humans & animals Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation, belongs here Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of stomach ulcers, belong here

survives only inside animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP has odd cell wall which stains gram negative, but contains no peptidoglycan Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes nongonococcal urethritis (the most common, sexually-transmitted disease) belongs here

uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, belongs here Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, belongs here

Actinomycetes belongs here 2 species of actinomycetes cause tuberculosis & leprosy, respectively actinomycetes are also responsible for the "earthy" odor of rich soil members of the genus, Streptomyces, have been the source of many antibiotics Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, belongs here Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism, belongs here Streptococcus sp. & Staphylococcus sp. belong here includes Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria known to lack a cell wall; mycoplasmasare some of the tiniest of all known cells one species of Mycoplasma causes "walking pneumonia"

are photosynthetic, utilizing photosystems I & II contain chlorophyll a their chlorophyll is not inside chloroplasts, but is found in the thylakoid membranes, which are scattered throughout the cytoplasm these organisms are often arranged in filaments some have heterocyst, specialized cells which "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

SuperGroup Excavata SuperGroup Chromalveolata SuperGroup Rhizaria SuperGroup Archaeplastida SuperGroup Unikonta

Kingdom Diplomonadida Kingdom Parabasala Kingdom Euglenozoa

organisms lack plastides (group of membrane-bound organelles including leucoplasts, chloroplasts, & chromoplasts) have modified mitochondria called mitosomes; these lack functional electron transport chains; cannot use oxygen to extract energy from carbohydrates mitochondria lack DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes needed for the Kreb's cycle most are found in anaerobic environments multiple flagella, 2 haploid nuclei, and simple cytoskeleton includes Giardia lamblia the causative agent of "beaver fever"; acquired through drinking water which is contaminated with human feces; infects human intestine, causing severe diarrhea & cramps

mitochondria lack DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes needed for the Kreb's cycle mitochondria are reduced and referred to as hydrogenosomes; these generate some energy anaerobically and release hydrogen as a by-product lacks plastids includes Trichomonas vaginalis, a usual inhabitant of the vagina; overpopulation of these causes infection which can be spread to the partner

have flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rode of unknown function consists of two groups, the euglenoids and the kinetoplastids includes predatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, & parasites

Phylum Euglenophyta Phylum Kinetoplastida

includes Euglena Euglena is an autotroph, but some in this phylum are heterotrophic or even mixotrophic (can both photosynthesize and ingest) photosynthetic pigments includes: carotenoids, chlorophylls a & b, & xanthophyll no cell wall has pellicle to maintain shape divides by mitosis, but not typical; nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear has stigma (light sensitive organelle) pyrenoid (where paramylon is made) carbohydrate storage = paramylon

has a single, large mitochondrion which is associated with a unique structure, kinetoplastid (houses extra-nuclear DNA) momvement is via whip-like flagella includes Trypanosoma the causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness (transmitted via the bite of the tsetse fly & disease is fatal if left untreated) can also cause Chagas' disease, transmitted via bloodsucking insects; can lead to congestive heart failure found marine, freshwater, & terrestrial as well as species that are parasites of animals, plants, & other protists

Kingdom Alveolata Kingdom Stramenopila

these organisms are grouped together due to the presence of small cavities (alveoli) under their cell surfaces (function of these cavities is uncertain); probable function is stabilization of the cell surface via water and ion balance

Phylum Dinoflagellata Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Ciliophora

members have 2 flagella, enabling them to spin through the water are reinforced by cellulose plates photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c carbohydrate storage = starch has cellulose in cell wall possess trichocysts (miniature harpoons) over abundance causes "red tides"; this red coloration is from the xanthophyll/carotenoid pigments present; toxins produced by certain dinoflagellates (e.g. Karenia brevis) have caused massive kills of invertebrates & fishes important components of phytoplankton (phyto = photosynthetic; plankton = small organisms floating near the surface of water_ nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear during mitosis some live as parasites (cannot photosynthesize) includes Pfiesteria piscicida, a carnivorous member which feeds on their prey's body fluids; recently became a problem on Mid-Atlantic States' coastal waters some live in corals and are important components of reef communities; known as zooxanthellae

phylum takes it name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the host's red blood cells all members are endoparasitic (endo refers to within the organism as opposed to ecto which refers to a "hitchhiker" parasite that attaches on the outer surface of the organism) are host specific have very complex life cycles, often with several hosts, and have both sexual and asexual stages includes Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria (organism is transmitted via the bite of the Anopholes mosquito) no organelle for movement

largest, most diverse & complex group of protozoans members use cilia for locomotion cilia can be over entire surface or concentrated in rows or tufts cilia projects out through holes in the pellicle (outer covering) includes Paramecium have trichocysts (nail shaped structure that can be dishcarged through the pellicle; used for anchoring, defense, & predation) macro governs the activities of the cell micro are involved with reproduction some can contain a toxin have a oral groove, which leas to the "place of ingestion" have food and contractile vacuoles has anal pore for waste discharge most are free-living and heterotrophic have holozoic (takes in whole prey) nutrition reproduction is by binary fission

contains both autotrophs & heterotrophs named for the fine, hair-like projections on the flagella for those containing chloroplasts, they did not come from cyanobacteria, but probably from endosymbionts that were eukaryotic (most likely red algae)

Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae) Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms) Phylum Oomycota (water molds) Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)

commonly called the golden algae photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c carbohydrate storage = laminarin important component of plankton some are mixotrophs

commonly called the diatoms unicellular coloration is yellow or brown has unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica; wall made of two parts that fit together (like a shoe box with its lid) found in oceans and lakes most important component of plankton most store food as laminarin; others as oil most reproduce asexually diatom fossils form diatomaceous earth which is used in lots of things like toothpaste, water filters, & insulating materials photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c

commonly called the water molds heterotrophic some are unicellular; others are branched with hyphae (like fungi) cell wall comprised of cellulose (like plants) not like fungal cell walls which are comprised of chitin diploid (unlike haploid dominant fungi) flagellated (unlike fungi) reproduction includes a large egg (hence the phylum name) important in decomposing dead stuff in water Ick belongs to this phylum; it is a parasitic water mold includes other water molds that do not live in water, such as downy mildews and white rusts (these are plant parasites); one of these, Phytophthora infestans caused the potato famine of Ireland (1800's)

common name is the brown algae photosynthetic pigments include carotenoids, xanthophyll, chlorophylls a & c (as seen in golden algae and diatoms) multicellular marine carbohydrate storage = laminarin common seaweeds more prevalent in cooler waters largest, most complex algal group includes kelps which can be 20 meters long produces alginic acid (a gummy material) which is an important stabilizer and emulsifier for food (ice cream, pudding, & salad dressings and paint) cell wall of cellulose

Kingdom Cercozoa

have thread-like pseudopodia

Phylum Actinopoda (heliozoans & radiolarians) Phylum Foraminifera (forminiferans)

movement is via axopodia (their pseudopodia); these structures help them float and feed has silica in its internal skeleton (organisms take on a glassy appearance) includes freshwater organisms (heliozoans) and marine organisms (radiolarians)

named for their porous shells found in both ocean & fresh water most live in sand or can attach themselves to rocks or algae some are abundant in plankton even though single-celled, some forams can reach sizes of several centimeters shell contains calcium carbonate pseudopodia protrude out of the shell some have symbiotic algae formed White Cliffs of Dover; limestone; flint fossils are found in sedimentary rock and are used by geologists when searching for oil since these fossils were laid down at the same time as oil deposits

Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae) Kingdom Chlorophyta (green algae)

common name is the red algae are the most abundant, large algae in warm coastal waters of tropical oceans do not have flagella at anytime in their life cycle (unlike other algae) photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids and chlorophylls a & d (d is unique to the reds) accessory pigments are phycoerythrin (gives them their color) and phycocyanin (types of phycobilins); some of these algae are not red accessory pigments allow red algae to absorb blue & green light which penetrates further down into the ocean water (as much as 260m deep) some are heterotrophic on other red algae more prevalent in warmer waters most are multicellular some contain calcium carbonate walls and are found on reefs (coralline algae) agar (for bacterial plates) and carrageenan (thickener) comes from this group used for sushi carbohydrate storage is Floridean starch

known as the green algae some people put these in the plant kingdom closely related to plants; thought to have had same ancestor as plants believed to have arisen from an endosymbiotic relationship betwixt a cyanobacteria and a flagellated, heterotrophic, eukaryotic cell can be found in fresh water, marine water, and moist terrestrial places photosynthetic pigments include carotenoids, chlorophylls a & b cell wall comprised of cellulose carbohydrate storage = starch can form symbiotic relationships such as in lichen (with fungal partner) can be unicellular (e.g. Chlamydomonas) or multicellular (Ulva) 3 divergent evolutionary trends in green algae motile colonies as seen with Volvox repeated division of the nucleus without cytokinesis (these are filaments) such as seen with Ulothrix true multicellular forms such as seen with Ulva

Kingdom Amoebozoa

includes gymnamoebas, entamoebas, & slime molds

Phylum Gymnamoeboa (Amoeba) Phylum Entamoeba Phylum Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime molds) Phylum Dictyostelida (cellular slime molds)

comprises a large & diverse group of amoebozoans ubiquitous in soil, fresh water & marine water most are heterotrophic, actively seek & consume bacteria & other protists some feed on detritus (non-living organic matter)

includes an all-parasitic genus, Entamoeba; infects all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery; spread via contaminated drinking water; 3rd leading cause of death from parasites after malaria & schistomiasis

commonly known as plasmodial slime molds they progress from a large coenocytic (many nuclei per cell) mass called a plasmodium; a multinucleated mass with continuous cytoplasm, unbound by membranes or walls usually diploid usually brightly colored, either orange or yellow

commonly known as the cellular slime molds looks similar to plasmodial slime mold, but is not coenocytic; cells are separated by individual membranes has no flagellated stage haploid