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Study Guide: Final Exam
Mental Disorder |
No clear definition. Characterized by statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, and biological dysfunction. |
Prevalence |
Percent of population with disorder. |
Categorical Model |
Mental disorder is either present or absent. No in between. Categories differ in type and not degree. |
Dimensional Model |
Mental categories differ in degree, not kind. |
Somatoform Disorders |
Physical symptoms with psychological origins. |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
|
Constant worrying, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability.
Affects 3% of population. More common in females and Caucasians. |
Panic Attack |
Brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light headedness, racing heart, and feeling of going crazy. |
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder |
Emotional disturbance after experiencing severely stressful event |
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
Persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted/inappropriate and cause stress. Relieved by compulsions. |
Seasonal Affective Disorder |
Depression based on seasons. |
Bipolar Disorder |
Experience both depressive and manic episodes. Equally common in women and men. |
Antisocial Personality Disorder |
Marked by lengthy history of illegal/irresponsible actions. |
Dissociative Disorders |
Conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. Characterized by depersonalization, dissociative amnesia, and dissociate fugue. |
Schizophrenia |
Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with loss of contact with reality. Disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships. |
Hallucinations |
Sensory perceptions without external stimuli. |
Delusions |
Strongly held beliefs with no basis in reality. |
Unconditional-Positive Regard |
Fully accepting client for who they are. They will feel more confident/comfortable and be more willing to share. |
Person-Centered Therapy |
Therapist doesn't try to diagnose patient. Let patient use session however they choose. Assume they will find emotional patterns through patient's dialogue. |
Empirically Supported Treatment |
Treatments for specific disorders supported by high quality scientific evidence. |
Prozac |
(Fluoxetine) SSRI antidepressant. Selectively inhibits reuptake of seratonin. Can also be used for eating disorders, OCD, and social phobia. |
Electroconvulsive Therapy |
Patient receives quick electrical pulses to brain that cause seizure. Last resort for severe problems. |
ADHD |
Inattentive, impulses, and hyperactivity. |
Free Association |
Patient lies down and says what comes to mind. Goal is that whatever subject keeps coming up indicates main cause of issue. |
Deinstitutionalization |
Government policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into community and closing mental hospitals. |
Resistance |
Client completely ignores therapist in order to avoid further confrontation. |
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic |
Focuses on patient's early life issues. "Make the unconscious conscious". |
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
Focuses on changing irrational thoughts. |
Humanistic Therapy |
Emphasizes self-actualization. |
Behavioral Therapy |
Focuses on present and specific behaviors |
Flooding Therapy |
"Fears maintained by avoidance". |
What percentage of clients say they're better even before the first session? |
40-60% |
Personality Disorder |
Psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioral patterns. |
Psychopathology |
Mental illness. Failure to adapt to environment. |
Statistical Rarity |
Diagnoses of disorder is rare. |
Subjective Distress |
Most mental disorders cause emotional pain, but not all disorders cause distress. Ex. Manic episode of bipolar person. |
Impairment |
When disorder interferes with everyday functioning. |
Societal Disapproval |
Society uses names to label what they don't accept. |
Biological Dysfunction |
Disorder caused by biological issues more so than psychological issues. |
Medical Model |
Model that viewed the mentally ill as treatable. Main treatment was bloodletting. Housed them in overcrowded asylums. Idea was good but really no better than Demonic Model. |
Moral Treatment |
Advocated respectful treatment towards the mentally ill. |
Chorpromazine |
"Go to" medication for all illnesses during 1950s. |
Culture-Bound |
Culture determines what is considered mentally ill. |
Koro/Amok
|
1) Belief that genitals are receding into the body.
2) Intense sadness followed by uncontrolled violence. |
DSM/Criticisms
|
1) Contains criteria for mental disorders.
2) Reliance on Categorical Models rather than Dimensional. |
DSM-IV Axes
|
I) Major mental disorders
II) Personality disorders and mental retardationIII) Associated medical conditionsIV) Life stressorsV) Overall level of daily functioning |
Insanity Defense Requirements
|
1) Claim they don't know what they were doing at the time of crime.
2) Claim that they don't know what they did wrong. |
Involuntary Commitment |
Procedure used to protect us from certain mentally ill people because they're so impaired that they can't care for themselves. |
Agrophobia |
Severe fear of being in public places because they can't escape. Avoid social things. |
Social Phobia |
Don't like public places.Less severe compared to agrophobia. |
Catastrophic Thinking |
Blowing things out of proportion. |
Anxiety Sensitivity |
Fear of anxiety-related symptoms. Ex. Someone feels a little light headed and they assume they are going to pass out. |
Major Depressive Disorders |
Most common mood disorder. Prevalent in women. |
Cognitive Model |
Beliefs influence depression |
Learned Helplessness |
Feeling helpless in events you can't control. Even when given opportunities to change the situation you behave helplessly. |
Personality Disorder Clusters
|
1) Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric people; antisocial
2) Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic3) Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful |
Depersonalization |
Feeling detached from yourself. |
Dissociative Amnesia |
Forgetting key points of traumatic events or forgetting event all together. |
Dissociative Fugue |
Black out and forget who you are when experiencing traumatic event. |
Post Traumatic Model |
Person wants to avoid reminders of traumatic childhood event. |
Sociocognitive Model |
Person changes according to what they expect life to be like. |
Echolia |
Person repeats what you say. |
Catatonia |
Motor/Speech behavior issues. Blank face. |
Diathesis-Stress Models |
Proposes MI is result of genetics and stressors. |
Illusory Correlation |
Seeing connection between two things that really don't have any relationship. Ex. Parents noticed autistic symptoms after vaccinations so they assumed vaccine must be the cause. |
IDEA |
Law that says schools must treat autistic students with special attention. |
Psychotherapy |
Designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve life quality. |
Paraprofessionals |
Get specific training that enhances education. Helps minimize gap of clinical psychiatrists so more people can afford therapy. |
Insight Therapy |
Goal is to expand awareness/insight. |
Psychoanalytical Approaches
|
1) Free association
2) Interpretation3) Dream analysis4) Resistance5) Transference6) Working through |
Interpretation |
Explanations of unconscious bases of patients' dreams, emotions, and behaviors. |
Dream Analysis |
Meaning of dream. 2 parts: manifest (observable) and latent (unobservable) |
Transference |
Client sees therapist as someone from past and treats them as such. |
Neo-Freudian Tradition |
More concerned with conscious aspect. Believe culture and interpersonal influence behavior through life span. Emphasize need for power, love, status, etc. |
Interpersonal Therapy |
Short process. Goal is to strengthen social skills and coping skills. |
Humanistic Psychotherapy |
Emphasize development of human potential and that human nature is positive. Believe one should assume responsibility for decisions and not attribute them to the past. |
Gestalt Therapy |
Goal is to integrate aspects of personality that person is unconscious of with all other aspects. Empty chair example. |
Strategic Family Interventions |
Used to remove barriers to effective communication. |
Structural Family Therapy |
Therapist lives with family to identify problems. |
Behavior Therapist |
Focus on specific problem behaviors. Behavior change results from learning principles. |
Exposure Therapy |
Confronts client with what they fear. |
Systematic Desensitization |
Exposes clients to fear through imagined scenes. Uses reciprocal inhibition and counter conditioning. |
Reciprocal Inhibition |
We can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time. |
Counter Conditioning |
Repeatedly pairing relaxation response with anxiety. |
Participant Modeling |
Therapist must have calm encounter with client's feared situation. Guide client through steps of encounter until they can cope unassisted. |
Operant Procedures |
Behavior analysis to treat autistic children. |
Token Economics |
Client gets token for desirable behavior. |
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
Cognitions are measurable, play key role in psychological functioning, and can replace irrational beliefs. |
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy |
Changing how we thing and act. |
ABCDE
|
A) Unpleasant internal/external event
B) Belief system
C) Emotional/Behavioral consequences
D) Dispute the beliefs
E) Adopt more effective beliefs |
Cognitive Therapy |
Identifies/Modifies thoughts and beliefs. |
Dodo Bird Verdict |
All types of therapies are the same. |
Biomedical Treatments |
Alter brain's chemistry to treat disorders. |
Psychosurgery |
Brain surgery to treat disorder. Last resort. |