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BY 124: CHAPTER 32
animals store starch as
|
glycogen |
name 4 stages of embryonic development
|
zygote → 8 cell stage
↓
Blastula → Gastrula
|
why do cells cleave in embryonic development?
|
to get more nuclei, to even out nuclei/cytoplasmic ratio
|
Embryonic Development:
Zygote (2n)
↓ __________
___________
↓ __________
___________
↓ __________
___________
|
zygote
↓ cleavage
8-cell stage
↓ cleavage
Blastula
↓ Gastrulation
Gastrula
|
simplest extant animals (___1__) do not ____2__ and, therefore, have no ____3____
|
1. sponges
2. gastrulate
3. germ layers
|
play important roles in development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology
|
Hox genes
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1. process by which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and eventually fills the blastocoel producing the layers of embryonic tissue: 2, 3
|
1. Gastrulation
2. endoderm
3. ectoderm
|
common ancestor of living animals was a stationary ___1__-feeder similar to present day ___2_____
1 was a colonial protist with a _______
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1. suspension feeder
2. choanoflagellates
3. flagella
|
what to choanoflagellates and sponges have in common?
|
collar cells (of choanoflagellates) and choanocytes (of sponges) are almost indistinguishable
|
Oldest fossil dates from ______ years ago
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575 million
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opening in gastrula where cells rolled in: ____
↑ will become either the ___ or____
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blastopore
mouth (protostome) or anus (deuterostome)
|
cavity in the blastula
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blastocoel
|
During gastrulation, tan embryo's developing digestive tube initially forms as a blind pouch, the ______, which eventually becomes the ______
|
archenteron
gut
|
How does coelom develop in protostomes?
|
solid mass of mesoderm splits to form coelom
|
How does coelom form in deuterostome?
|
folds of archenteron form coelom
|
list 5 "breaks" of evolutionary advancement of animals
|
1. tissue development
2. symmetry
3. body cavity development
4. protostome vs. deuterostome
5. Segmentation
|
1st Break - Tissue Development
splits animals into ____ and ____
Reason why animals have no tissues
|
1. Parazoa (no tissues - sponges (Porifera)) and Eumetazoa (true tissues - everything else)
2. No gastrulation
|
2nd Break - Symmetry
two types of symmetry
which has only two germ layers
example
3. which has better sense organs, why?
|
1. Radial and Bilateral
2. Radial (diploblastic)
jellyfish
3. Bilateral (triploblastic)
|
Mouth forms first from ______
|
Protostome
blastopore
|
Anus forms first from ________
|
Deuterostome
blastopore
|
3rd Break - Body Cavity Development
1. mesoderm completely lines body cavity
2. mesoderm does not completely line body cavity
3. no space between germ layers
|
Coelomate
2. Pseudocoelomate
3. Acoelomate |
Char. of animals:
1. ____cellular
2. Nutrition?
3. store glucose as ____
4. Have ______ (rather than plasmodesmata like plants)
|
1. Multicellular and eukaryotic
2. Ingestive heterotrophs
3. Glycogen (instead of starch like plants)
4. Cell Junctions (gap, tight, and desmosomes)
|
More animal char.:
1. Have _____ to hold cells together
2. must reproduce so ______ exist in most
3. What do animal cells not have that exists in all plant cells?
|
1. collagen
2. distinct sexes
3. cell walls
|
Red Queen hypothesis supports:
|
That the increased predator/prey relationships during the Cambrian explosion caused animal diversification
|
3 causes for Cambrian Explosion
|
1. Increased O2
2. Predator/prey relationships
3. Evolution of Hox gene
|
Advantages to having a coelom?
|
1. cushions organs
2. makes organs independent of wall, gives them space to push
|
In which group, protostome or deuterostome, is it possible to have an identical twin?
Why?
|
deuterostome
Indeterminate cleavage
|
T/F
Sponges have radial symmetry
|
FALSE
Sponges have NO symmetry
|
__1___ - living attached to a substrate
__2___ - drifting or weakly swimming (ex. jellyfish)
↑ char. of ___3___ symmetry
|
1. sessile
2. planktonic
3. radial
|
Which type of symmetry allows an animal to have a central nervous system?
|
bilateral
|
___1__, the innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or ____2___, and gives rise to the lining of the _________ and organs such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates
|
1. Endoderm
2. archenteron
3. digestive tract
|
All bilaterally, symmetrical animals have a _______
|
mesoderm
|
Ectoderm gives rise to:
Endoderm gives rise to:
|
outer covering of animal (and sometimes CNS)
lining of digestive tract and organs like liver and lungs
|
T/F
All acoelomates are tripoblastic
|
TRUE
an animal must have a mesoderm just no space for the coelom to be acoelomate
|
3 broad differences in protostome or deuterostome development
|
1. Cleavage
2. Coelom formation
3. Fate of blastopore
|
8 cell stage of Protostome is _____ and _______
8 cell stage of Deuterostome is _____ and _______
|
P: spiral and determinate (cells know what they will become)
D: radial and indeterminate (cells have not predetermined what they will become)
|
An 8 cell stage that is spiral will have ______ cleavage
Type?
|
determinate
protostome
|
An 8 cell stage that is radial will have _______ cleavage
Type?
|
indeterminate
deuterostome
|
Proto. or Deutero.?
1. Mouth develops from blastopore
2. 8-cells stage is radial and determinate
3. Folds of archenteron form coelom
|
1. Protostome
2. Deuterostome
3. Deuterostome
|
Proto. or Deuto.?
1. Spiral and Determinate cleavage
2. Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
3. Anus develops from blastopore
|
1. Protostome
2. Protostome
3. Deuterostome
|
8-cell stage is spiral and determinate
Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom
Mouth develops from blastopore
|
Protostome |
8-cell stage is radial and indeterminate
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastopore
|
Deuterostome |
each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
↑ char. of _____
|
indeterminate cleavage
deuterostomes
|
What makes idential twins possible and provides the versatility of embryonic stem cells?
|
indeterminate cleavage
|
Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
Brachiopoda (lamp shell)
Echinodermata (sea stars, sea cucumbers)
Chordata
|
Deuterostomes
|
Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
Platyheminthes Annelida
Rotifera Anthropoda
Mollusca Nematoda
|
Protostomes |
Name two Radiata phylums
|
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
|
a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding
|
lophophore
|
Possess trochophore larva and/or unique lophophore feeding apparatus; includes flatworms, segmented worms, and mollusks; one of two major types of protostomes
|
Lophotrochozoan
|
the process of shedding the old exoskeleton
|
ecdysis |
T/F
Both protostomes and deuterostomes can perform ecdysis or molt their old exoskeletons
|
FALSE
All ecdysozoans are protostomes
|
Which phyla are ecdysozoans?
|
Nematoda
Arthropoda
|
Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta, Brachioproda, Mollusca, and Annelida are all _______ meaning they _______
|
lophotrochozoans
have lophophore (tentacles for feeding) or have trochophore larva
|
Hormones that causes molting
process of molting:
|
ectdizome
ecdysis
|