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BSC 114: The Cell
cytology |
The study of cells
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Prokaryotes
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lack membrane-enclosed organelles. Simple. Has no nucleus. Bacteria.
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nucleoid |
DNA is concentrated in this region in a prokaryote.
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Microbiology
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the study of bacteria
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Eukaryotes
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True nucleus. Include plants, fungi, and animal cells. Nucleus is enclosed by a membrane. Possess membrane-bound organelles.
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Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella.
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What do animal cells have that plant cells do NOT have?
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Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall plasmodesmata.
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What do plant cells have that animal cells do NOT have?
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Nucleus |
Contains most of the genetic material of the cell.
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Nuclear envelope
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A double membrane with pores for the passage of certain macromolecules. Encloses the nucleus.
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Chromatin
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DNA + Protein =? stringy mess in microscope
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Chromosomes
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Chromatin condenses into _______ before cell division.
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Nucleolus |
Site of synthesis and assembly of the components of ribosomes. Ribosomes are made here.
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Golgi Apparatus
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The center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, shipping. Receives transport vesicles from the ER.
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vesicle
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membrane the protein is inside
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cis face
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The front door of the golgi apparatus.
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trans face
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the back door of the golgi apparatus.
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Lysosomes
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A membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes. Used to digest macromolecules. Contents come from the ER
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Phagocytosis
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Process of engulfing food particles. Occurs in amoebas and macrophages-cells that help defend body of invaders
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Autophagy
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Recycling the cell's own organic material. Lysosome engulfs another organelle.
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Vacuoles |
Membrane-bound sacs within the cell that are larger than vesicles.
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Food Vacuoles
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Vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
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Contractile Vacuole
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Fresh protists use them to pump excess water out of the cell.
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Central Vacuole
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Plants use them to store organic compounds, inorganic ions, pigment, or poisonous substances.
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Mitochondria
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Convert energy to forms the cell can use. Sites of cellular respiration. Capable of moving on their own. Have two sets of membranes.
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Mitochondria and chloroplast
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Contain their own DNA. two organelles.
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Cristae |
The many folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria. Give the cell a lot more surface area.
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Chloroplast
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Convert energy to forms the cell can use. Only found in plants and some protozoans.
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Peroxisomes
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Specialized compartment bounded by a single membrane that contains enzymes that use oxygen to break fats down into smaller molecules. H202 is a byproduct.
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Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, microfilaments
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Three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton.
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Cytoskeleton
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Provides mechanical support to cell by helps maintain its shape. Are highly dynamic and can be quickly torn down and reconstructed. Provides motility.
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Provides mechanical support and motility-allow cells to move other proteins around.
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The cytoskeleton has two functions. What are they?
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Microtubules
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Type of fiber in cytoskeleton that are straight, hollow rods. The thickest. Can be broken down and reconstructed elsewhere in cell. Function in movement.
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Centrosomes
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Microtubules grow out from this which is located near the nucleus.
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Centrioles |
Within the centrosome there is a pair of _______, arranged in a ring.
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Microfilaments
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(actin filaments) Solid rods made of the protein actin. Form a 3-D network inside the cell. Thinnest fibers. Really important in muscle contraction.
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Cell motility where work with filament called myosin, and cell division.
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What are the functions of microfilaments?
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Intermediate filaments
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Permanent fixtures of a cell. Function in reinforcing the shape of a cell and fixing position of certain organelles. Made of keratins.
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Cell wall
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Only found in plants, fungi, some protists, and prokaryotes. Functions in cell shape and skeletal support. Made of cellulose and other polysaccharides and proteins.
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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The space between animal cells is filled with this. Mostly made of glycoproteins.
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collagen |
Most abundant glycoprotein is ______? Forms strong fibers outside the cell.
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Intercellular Junctions
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Functions in the communication between cells.
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Plasmodesmata
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Cell walls of plants are perforated with these channels.
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Tight junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap junctions
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Animals have three types of junctions.
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Tight Junctions
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Forms a seal that prevents leakage of extracellular material.
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Desmosomes
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Anchoring junction-fastens cells together. (Hairy stuff)
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Gap Junctions
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Provide channels for communication between cells. Pores for communication. allows sugars, amino acids, and salts to pass through.
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Gap junction
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What junction is like the plasmodesmata of plants?
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