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GEOG 201: MIDTERM REVIEW CHAPTER 2 AND 3
GLOBALIZATION
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worldwide processes that make the world, its economic system and its society more uniform, more integrated, more independent
the process of the economy becoming more worldwide in scope (the world BECOMING more connected)
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SIGNIFICANCE
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increased connectivity (distance, speed, frequency); places becoming relatively closer based on the cost it takes to send people, goods or information from one place to another.
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DEINDUSTRIALIZATION
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companies go from place to place to try to find the cheapest place to produce products/do business
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HYPER MOBILITY OF CAPITAL
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because of bad mortgages we have stock market crashes all over the world
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INTEGRATION
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making the world more uniform, integrate and interdependent
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CONCENTRATION
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while reflecting an economy becoming more worldwide in scope, the result is unevenly distributed across space
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DIVERGENCE
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something which contradicts process of convergence or represents a negative or unanticipated consequence of greater integration
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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inanimate energy, technological innovation, and productivity
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INANIMATE ENERGY
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industrialization may be defined as the harnessing of inanimate sources of energy (running water, wood, etc)
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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
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to convert inputs to outputs which reduces costs and increases revenues
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PRODUCTIVITY |
level of output generated by a given volume of inputs
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SPATIAL DIVISION OF LABOR
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different stages of production can be spatially separated
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YEARS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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1790-1840
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ORIGINS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Great Britain in the middle to late 1700s
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DIVISION OF LABOR
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production process, can be broken up and located in different places
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CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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1. creation of industrial working class
2. urbanization
3. a large population being able to sustain itself
4. growth of international trade
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COST MINIMIZATION: LOCATION
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economic activities locate where they can maximize profits
world is shrinking because everything is fast and cheaper to send
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COST MINIMIZATION: LABOR
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low-cost locations favored for certain types of industries: unskilled labor=textiles, furniture, shoes
textiles: from NE Us, to non-union U.S. South, to Caribbean then East Asia
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COST MINIMIZATION: TRANSPORTATION
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location reduces transport costs
i.e. further away you are the more expensive it is to ship it. The heavier the item the more want there is to process them at the site to make them lighter for shipment so its cheaper
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COST MINIMIZATION: AGGLOMERATION
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cost savings from transactions
transaction ("hidden") costs: finding buyers, sellers, workers; adjusting new technologies to end us
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TYPES OF AGGLOMERATION
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1. localization economies: many related firms mutually supportive
2. skilled labor
3. technological spillover
4. urbanization economies--large cities provide necessary services
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AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: LOCALIZATION
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many related firms mutually supportive; skilled labor but technology spillovers
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AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: URBANIZATION
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large cities provide necessary services; wanting to be near places where they can have cheap labor but also want to be near big places with big talent pools
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INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL: RAW MATERIALS
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heavy raw materials relative to final product (paper: 3 tons wood for 1 ton paper so logs are processed into paper near site of wood)
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INDUSTRIAL LOCATION MODEL: MARKET
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transport costs exceed raw materials; locate near customers (beer, bread, mattresses)
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TIME SPACE CONVERGENCE
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the process, made possible by technology innovations in transportation and communication by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel between them
things are closer not necessarily by location but by time
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COST SPACE CONVERGENCE
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places getting closer because things are cheaper to ship to another place, not getting closer in terms of travel time or by distance
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POPULATION TRENDS
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80 million people added to the world each year; 3 per second
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COUNTRIES THAT ARE LOSING POPULATION
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Japan, Russian and some in Europe
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SINCE 2010 WE REACHED ___ BILLION IN OUR POPULATION AND MORE POPULATION IS LIVING IN _______ AREAS THAN _________ AREAS.
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7; urban; rural
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WHY IS POPULATION GROWING?
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migration; has kept us as a dynamic force because of this "new blood" where most of the population growth is along the coastal boundaries
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BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION
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FP = SP + (B-D) + (I-O)
final population = starting population + (births - deaths) + (in migration - out migration)
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POPULATION DENSITY
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numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people and some other unit of interest expressed in a ration and open graphically represented in a map
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NET MIGRATION
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can be temporary or permanent and tends to include some form of citizenship
(I-O)/P(1000)
relative frequency of people arriving vs. leaving
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TYPES OF MIGRATION: RURAL-TO-URBAN
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life in city is better than life on the farm; lots of construction projects to take some of the pressure off big cities as well.
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TYPES OF MIGRATION: URBAN-TO-URBAN
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global: between countries-->immigration (always be international and most of the time requires citizenship to take place).
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EXAMPLES OF PUSH FACTORS
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housing costs
tax rates
unemployment
traffic
persecution
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EXAMPLES OF PULL FACTORS
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good employment prospects
affordable housing
quality of life
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MIGRATION SELECTIVITY...WHO MIGRATES?
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age: 18-30 usually
education: more educated, more likely to migrate
places that are more developed have low birth and death rates, which equals a stable population
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MIGRATION STREAMS: UNITED STATES
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lower skilled workers come in to fill the jobs we don't want and higher skilled workers are filling jobs that deal with math and science that we cannot do. Some also say migration causes jobs to be taken away
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DOES MIGRATION FILL JOBS THAT WOULDN'T BE FILLED OTHERWISE OR DOES IT TAKE AWAY JOBS FROM NATIVES?
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as you go up the skill chain this is not the case; it fills jobs that wouldn't be filled otherwise
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