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GENE 412: POPULATION GENETICS FINAL
if 4Nes>10
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selection is predominant
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what is the level of genetic organization that allows the prediction of the genetic response to selection?
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unit of selection
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transposons
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are a repetitive mobile sequences; units of selection that have multiple targets; often affect fitness; can infect via horizontal transmission
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pedigree inbreeding has the largest effect on the frequency of homozygotes for
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rare recessive alleles
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what is hard selection
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the number of offspring from a population depends on the genetic composition of the population
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which characterizes a phenotypic cline
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gradual shifts of phenotypic frequencies over geographical space
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the theory where an allele is more likely to act neutral in a population with a small effective size is
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near neutral theory
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which of the following is sufficient to determine the course of adaptation
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NONE not nat sel, allele freq, genom arch, pop structure
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which is necessary for adaptation
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natural selection
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nat sel interacts wit migration to
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selectively block or retard some alleles and enhance others
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inbreeding size of herd with 1 male, 8 females
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3.6 |
in a construction of gene trees synapomorphies are used to join taxa that
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share derived characters
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Drosophila meratorum study: abnormal abdomen were consequence of
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supergene, transposon, phenotype retention, behavior to wind
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selection alters the balance between
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mutations and drift
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which is a misconception about neutral theory
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1. only genes that are unimportant undergo neutral mutations
2 neutral mutations are neutral for all time
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which of the following relates to dissasortative mating
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produces mroe than the expected proportion of heterozygotes
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what is the relatedness r for half sibs
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1/4
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what evolutionary force both creates and maintains linkage disequalibrium
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assortative mating
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the increase in reproductive fitness caused by naturalselection is called
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adaptation
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which isnt fishers fund theorum
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) The only fitness effects that influence the response to natural selection are those transmissible through a gamete B) The adaptive outcome represents an interaction of fitness variation with population structure C) Natural selection acts to increase the average fitness of a population on a per-generational basis D) The course of adaptive evolution is strongly influenced by genetic architecture E) All of the above are implied by Fisher’s Fundamental Theorum of Natural Selection, although we find they don’t all hold when the target of selection is above that of the individual.
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D= g(AB)-p(A)*p(B) suggests
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D is the deviation of the observed two locus gamete frequencies expected based on the product of the individual locus allele frequencies
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what must we know to predict evolution through natural selection
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average excess of fitness
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__ interacts with __ as a selective filter that blocks the flow of some genes from one population to another but accentuates the speed of others
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natural selection; gene flow
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what do we call polymorphism at single nucleotide
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SNP
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a quick way to score the presence/absence of specific mtDNA nucleotide at known locus
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RFLPs
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two related genetic forces that increase pedigree inbreeding in a finite population
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founder effect&bottleneck effect
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population structure is mechanism of uniting gametes. which includes pop structure?
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system of mating, population size, genetic exchange, age structure
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population structure in which species is subdivided into many local demes that are subject to local extinction and recolonization
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metapopulation
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why did templeton score COII nucleotide in N terminal silent and N terminal replacement Cterm silent and C term replacement
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to test if selection changed the expected outcome of neutral evolution
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FST can be used to
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construct model based trees
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the extent to which an individual is concerned with its own survival as much as the survival of its relatives that share the same alleles is measured as
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inclusive fitness
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natural selection doesnt optimize any single trait except
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fitness
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assortative mating
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increases homozyg, creates linkage diseq, at eq when PA=PB makes AAbb or aaBB, maintains linkage diseq
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selection for altruism would be positive if one sacrificed life for
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8 brothers or 8 cousins
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examples of freq dependent selections are
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fertility, competition, kin selection, sexual selection
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which statement about inbreeding is false
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inbreeding changes allele frequency
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the main idea of neutral theory
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if a new allele is equally fit compared to existing allele then it is selectively neutral and may be fixed in the population because of genetic drift
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inclusive fitness is the best described as
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the fitness that came about from helping all the copies of genes including those from individuals related to you
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how many nieces and nephews would uncle have to be able to help, given his fitness would be reduced by half, in order for altruism to be favored
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2 |
which of the following does the inbreeding coefficient f NOT measure
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change in allele frequency
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what does neutral theory show?
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Drift is an important force in large and small populations b. New neutral mutations will be lost quickly regardless of population size c. New mutations are neutral if the chance it will replicate and be passed down to the next generation is equal to the chance for the ancestral allele type d. Predicts the highest rate of molecular mutation will be found for pseudogenes and in exons at the third position of the codon
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what does selection do to gametes only found in genotypes with lower than average fitness
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it decreases allele freq until it's eliminated
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assortative mating creates and maintains
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linkage diseq
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a process of adaptation resulting in evolution of seemingly maladaptive traits is called
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antagonistic pleiotropy
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horizontal gene transmission is between all except
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parent and offspring
(vertebrate spp. individuals, p elements, bacterial spp
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vertical transmission is between
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parent and offspring
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assortative mating by itself causes evolutionary change by creating
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linkage diseq
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biased gene conversion
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only occurs in heterozygotes
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male butterfly's 2 sperms
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intersexual selection
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variance in freq of haplotypes among pops separated by time/space can be used to estimate
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wahlund effect Fst
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fishers fundamental theorem
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selection acts to increase
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contribute to linkage diseq except
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Random Mating
(mutation, gene flow, finite pop size, nat selection)
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interactions between two or more genes influencing unit of selection
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epistasis |
according to temp, adaptation is
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attributes that aid in living mating in specific environments
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when nat sel takes pop to local peak not to global max,
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A) genetic drift moves between peaks B) Selection moves up the next peak C) Population at highest peak grows and sends out migrants D) average fitness of that generation will increase E) All of the above are part of Wright’s shifting balance theory
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natural selection interacts with migration as selective filter that
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blocks some alleles but enhances others
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on a gene tree of all mammals ability of humans to communicate through language is viewed as
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autapomorphic trait
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which of the following changes allele freq?
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dissasortative mating
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which of the following is not true
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Fis ranges 0-1
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which of the following about natsele is true
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it increases average fitness
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Fst can be used for all the following except
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estimate gene flow in admixed pops
(estimate #individuals exchanged, construct model based trees, show isolation)
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which of the following is true about natsele
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natsel pushes pops to adaptive peak, natsel is necessary for adaptation
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unit of selection
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depends of epistasis and strength of selection
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Fst
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a balance between drift&migration
genetic distance measure
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antagonistic pleiotropy
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reflects both beneficial and maladaptive effects
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haplotype tree shows
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where genetic variation arose;how variation is interrelated
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mitochondrial eve is a consequence of
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coalescence |
which of these statements about natsel is true
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functions on per generation basis. optimizes local peaks. doesnt optimize one trait. cannot act unless genetically based
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genes are identical by descent if
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identical copies of a single gene are due to ancestry
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considering the effect of coalescence if you are interested in events in genes history
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large sample is critical
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coalescent events occurs when 2 lineages of DNA molecules merge back into single DNA molecule
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inverse of a DNA replic even
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a positive average excess results in
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increase in allele freq
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natsel
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can retard or accelerate geneflow. can not act without phenotypic variation
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an exception to mendels law of random seg
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meiotic drive
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character or trait shared by 2+ taxonomic groups and is derived thru evolution
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synapomorphy
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selective eq occurs when average excess is
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zero
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natsel ____ average fitness on per generation basis
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increases
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spekes gazelle shows pop size
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all of the above
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adaptation
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is an increase in reproductive fitness; always relative to environment
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UPGMA not effective
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Micro evolutionary events accruing in a certain species are influenced by: A) The size of the population and any founder events. B) any existing linkage disequilibria. C) The environmental and genetic factors (including mutation and recombination) that influence DNA replication at the loci of interest. D) The proportion of heterozygosity. E) All of these, plus fitness effects |
high Fit approaching 1 indicates
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pop is isolated and has inbreeding
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in an area high in malaria
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all of the above
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selection is
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how diff genotyps respond to environment
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which isnt HW
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no more than one other factor can be acting
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if migration proceeds unopposed
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homogenization frequencies among pops
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sicklecell persists because
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resistant to malaria
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artificial sel differs from natsel
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humans selct desired traits
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which measures inbreeding and describes avg accumulation of identity by descent in pop
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Nef
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tendency of pops geographically closer to be more similar
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isolation by distance
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what type of structure is where species are subdivided into many local demes subject to local extinc/recolon
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metapopulation
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target and unit of select is below that of an individual when
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meiotic drive
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when 2 biologicl relatives mate, identity by descent for offspring
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pedigree inbreeding
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high __ value indicateslittle gen variation in local pop
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Fst
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equation of natsel for measured gentyp tells us
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change in allele freq is proportional to avg excess
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single unit of selct can have more than one target. frequency of
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A) transposons, B) deleterious copy number repeats, C) sickle cell anaemia, D) G6PD deficiency (favism), E) all of these.
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female birds prefer dark males. example of
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may effect alleles associated segregating at HLA
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which of the following is true of Fst
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It can be used to estimate migration B) It is used in gene trees as a distance measure C) It will increase with increased isolation
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an allele being selected for is on the same chromsome as rare mutation. which will prevent hte rare mutation from being lost?
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the allele and mutation are both within inversion
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how does sel interact with gene flow
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it can restric/accentuate flow
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an adaptive train is defined as
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any trait that contributes to fitness of organism
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where there is no malaria, what is average excess of C allele
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0 its neutral
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combining the effects of system of mating, gene drift, gene flow
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A) between individuals of a deme, B) between demes, C) within individuals, D) across the entire species E) All of the Above
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haplotype trees can be made using
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maximum likelihood B) maximum parsimony C) neighbor joining D) Mr. Bayes
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effects of genetic drift are countered by
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migration
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selection on multilocus genotyps in random mating pops leads to link diseq when a factor
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confers greater fitness than allele combos
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what increases avg fitness level on per generation basis
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nat selection
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survival, fertility, fecundity are components of
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fitness
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migration in pop gen
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It introduces variation lost by drift in a population, B) It reduces differences in gene frequencies between populations, C) Gene flow between populations depends on dispersal, D) Gene flow between populations depends on the system of mating E) All of the above are true.
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pedigree inbreeding F quantifies
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probability applicable at individual level
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when dealing with natural selection
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most fit allele is selected; fitness is maintained at local maximum
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natsel only operates when
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there is genetic variation associated with phentyp
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less migration produces
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greater Fst
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only alleles pulled to 100%
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correlated with "a" by linkage diseq
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in growing pop probability of losing alleles is more likely than in a declining pop
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aleution pops had overall excess of homozygs
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aleution pops had overall excess of homozygs
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wahlund effect
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genetic variation is produced/maintained by
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dissassortative mating
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___ decreases genetic variability between local pops while ___ has opposite effect
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gene flow, genetic drift
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if D>0 you find D' by dividing by
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Dmax, the lesser of PAPb or PaPB
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which of the following is false for xlinked pedigrees
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when the pivot point is male you mush know if he is inbred
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selection is necessary for adaptation but not always sufficient because
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the outcome is influenced by initial conditions
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evolution in popgen is best defined as
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change in genetic make up of the gamete
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what is main point of neutral theory
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points to Molecular Clock and predicts heterozygosity
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declining population has small offspring number
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Nef is larger than Nev
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to save spekes gazelle it was necessary to
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increase both Nev and Nef
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given epidemic malaria which of the following will increase the chance that C allele will increase
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pedigree inbreeding
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selection is strong but mutations affect it. why
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selection equilibrium avg excess is 0. opposing force of any size will influence frequency
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amount of genetic variability and its distribution among population is
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population structure
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fitness is typically freq dependent when the target of selection is
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above the level of the individual
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with isolation
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Fst increases
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the HW assumptions include all but
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haploid
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wahlund effect shows
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decrease in heterozygosity
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natsel can act on phenotypes the following ways
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increases frequency of the certain phenotype B) decreases frequency of the certain phenotype D) only affects phenotypes with fitness related variation E) all of the above except answer C
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which is not a measure of drift
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Neq
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variation in offspring number for mitch adam makes him
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younger than eve
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as discussed in lecture which organism exhibits most variation in offspring per female
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oysters
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what makes up unit of selection
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DNA
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which maintains allele variation with minimal or no phase diseq
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dissassortative mating
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mutation is most likely neutral
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at 3rd position of codon
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if pop shows signs of natsel would would have increased
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avg fitness
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SNP that shows an unusual outlier Fst value is probably subject to
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avg fitness
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what effect does inbreeding have on allele frq
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none |
which tree gives most reliable shape
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parsimony
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what does selection act on
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environment and phenotype
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in cladistics character present in ancestor shared by descendents known as
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synapomorphy or pleisiomorphy
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2 transposons, which is associated wiht duplications thru RNA intermediate
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retrotransposon
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presence of sterile worker insects caused problems because traits appear deleterious. phenomenon is known as
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altruism
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natsel is based on
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differential DNA replction in context of environment
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which has ultimate time of coalesce of 3Nef
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X chrom haplotypes
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according to near neutral theory if 4NeS=1
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selection and drift both play a role
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all are true except
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natsel will always take population to highest adaptive peak possible
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the factors that determine unit of se;ection are
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meiotic factors, epistasis, intensity of selection
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probablity that any given allele will be identicle by descent is caled
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pedigree in breeding
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all of the following are true about Fst except
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can be used to estimate inbreedign (distance measure, migration, outlier are signature)
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viability mating success fecundity compoinetns of
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fitness
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pleiotropy can be described as
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one gene influences multiple traits
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which isnt true about assortative matign
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asst mating decreases homzygosity
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which is not an implication of equations of natsel
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course of adaptive evolution is independent of genetic architecture
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which of the following is true about effects of gene flow
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decreases genetic variabiltiy between local pops
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