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Part 2 Physiology 206 Notes - Flashcards
3 Muscle Categories
|
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth |
Skeletal muscle |
Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue which is under the control of the somatic nervous system; that is to say, it is voluntarily controlled. |
Cardiac muscle |
a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histological foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium. |
Smooth Muscle |
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. |
Striation |
Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, made from the arrangement of proteins. |
Muscle Fiber |
Also call Muscle Cell
Relative large, elongated, and cylinder shaped that form muscles |
Myofibrils
|
Cylindrical intercellular structure that makes up muscle cell.
Visible manifestation of proteins |
Myosin
|
Thick filaments or thick assemblies of proteins
In muscle of bundles
Attach and overlap on one another |
Actin
|
Thiner filaments
Gives rigidity- makes hard to pull apart |
Define: Sliding-Filamnet Mechanism |
When muscle fiber contract, the thick and thin filaments stay the same size, they just get closer together. |
Terms for Sliding-Filament Mechanism
|
Energy Source ADP
ADP provides energy for cell contraction
Energy is received from Mitochondria |
Sacrcoplasmic Reticulum |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Two Types Muscle Contractions
|
Isometric
Isotonic |
Isometric Contraction
|
A muscle contraction in which muscle tension develops at constant muscle length
Can generate force without shortening
Inverse relationship between force and velocity -Force low, Velocity high -Force high, Velocity low |
Isotonic Contraction
|
A muscle contraction in which tension remains unchanged and the muscle's length changes.
Lifting an object at a constant speed is an example of isotonic contractions. |
Work |
Moving force through a distance |
Power |
Rate at which work is done. |
Two types of Proteins
|
Actin
Myosin |
Tetanic Stimulation |
Sensation the leads to Tetany |
Tetany |
restimulation before muscle is relaxed that can lead to the muscle staying contracted. |
Average Stimulation per second |
50-55 |
Electric current in U.S |
60 stimuli per sec |
Electric current of the rest of the world |
50 stimuli per sec |
Twitch |
A single action potential in a muscle fiber produces a brief weak contraction .
Either it contracts or it doesn't- No halfway |
Neutral Control
|
Helps to make fine movements
Brain sends out instructions to many Motor Units to send out |
Motor Unit
|
equals 1 motor Neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
1 motor Unit innervates more than one cell
Motor Nerves that make fingers work have small motor units |
Smooth Muscle (In depth)
|
1. Does not have striations -Actin and Myosin present, but elements are not lined up in registered order so there are not visible manifestations of striations .
2. Smooth Muscle cells are electrically connected to one another ; transmit depolarizations to cell; immediately around it, which sends a wave tat spreads out.
3. Transmits action potential (long distance signals) from one cell to another
4. Strength are controlled by hormones and neurotransmitters
5. Does not contract Spontaneously |
Muscle use energy to do work
|
Uses ATP for energy
Source for ATP come from Mitchondria
During Aerobic (Continue to do for long time) |
Respiration |
Uses oxygen in Mitochondria to produce ATP; can generate 2/3 of ATP |
Lactic acid
|
Causes muscle fatigue, muscle refuses to contract anymore.
Reduces level of activity; Anaerobic respiration replaces oxygen and gets rid of Lactic Acid. |
Types of Muscle Fiber
|
Red Muscle
White Muscle |
Red Muscle
|
Looks dark; Lots of Myoglobin
Red Protein
Carries oxygen
Creates réservoir of oxygen, so when you work to the point where you do too much, you can go a little longer because of stored oxygen |
White Muscle |
Not able to sustain aerobic as long; less myoglobin; more Actin and Myosin; meaning more power, but because no reservoir of oxygen; fatigues quickly |
Human Muscle are made up of what kind of muscles |
Both red and white |
Hypertrophy |
Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.
>Increase in vasculator >blood vessels increase; more blood flow to exercised muscle. |
Atrophy |
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.
Muscle gets smaller, and loses tone. |
Cardiac Muscle (In depth) |
Heart has four chambers
Heart is a pump, mechanical device |
Main types of Muscles that makeup the heart? |
1. Ventricular muscle- big and strong -pumping
2. Atrial muscle - weaker
3. Conducting muscle |