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GBIO 151: GBIO TEST 4 Notes
What is oxidation? |
1. Add Oxygen
2. Remove Hydrogen
3. Remove Electrons |
What is Reduction? |
1. Remove oxygen
2. Add Hydrogen
3. Add electrons |
Exchange of Electrons occurs in
|
Oxidation and Reduction |
Catabolism |
1. oxidation
2. degradation
3. breaking of Covalent bonds
4. release of energy (exergonic)
5. Energy is released to produce ATP from ADP by Oxidative Phosphorylation (ADP→ATP)
6. Spontaneous |
Exergonic |
Release of Energy |
Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in
|
occurs in the Cristae (inner folds) of the Mitochondria |
Anabolism |
1. Reductioin
2. Biosynthesis of new macromolecules by forming covalent bonds,
3. Requires energy input (endergonic)
4.Energy is from ATP→ADP (Dephosphorylation) |
Endergonic |
Requires energy input |
the coupling agent for catabolism and anabolism is atp |
true |
ATP as a coupling agent |
links energy making (endergonic) and energy using (exergonic) reactions |
Catabolic reactions |
are THEORETICALLY Spontaneous because of Energy Gradient in Substrate is relative to end products. |
Anabolic reactions |
are not spontaneous |
Catabolic reactions |
although THEORETICALLY spontaneous, are not ACTUALLY spontaneous because energy in molecular motion is not sufficient to overcome covalent bond energy; they require an Activation Energy |
ATP as coupling agent |
ATP is Coupling Agent that links energy making and energy using reactions |
Activation energy |
Input (or removal) of energy difference needed to overcome covalent bond energy |
energy of activation (activation energy) is |
-lowered by enzymes
-energy that must be provided to start a reaction |
Regulation of Catabolic Reaction |
accomplished by removing the Activation Energy using Enzymes |
Enzymes |
1. Proteins
2. Specific
3. Have an Active site to attach to substrate and reduce activation energy
4. Do not change during course of reaction, allows them to be reused
5. Lowers Activation Energies of reaction to make them Spontaneous |
Enzymes |
Have an Active site to attach to substrate and reduce activation energy |
Enzymes |
Do not change during course of reaction, allows them to be reused |
Enzymes |
-control rate of metabolic reactions
-lower activation energy needed to start reaction
-most are globular proteins with specific shapes
-Not consumed in chemical reactions
-Substrate specific
-shape of active site determines substrate |
Catabolic Reactions |
Are Energy Generating |
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Aerobic Respiration |
-catabolic process; state of cellular respiration requiring oxygen
-uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water |
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Anaerobic Respiration |
Requires a bound form of oxygen |
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration |
-are both the complete oxidation of glucose (the removal of all Hydrogen)
-Produce the maximum amount of ATP |
Compare Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration |
Anaerobic:
first step:glycolysis
located in cytoplasm
no oxygen needed
produces 2 ATPs
short-term energy needs
Aerobic
first step:glycolysis
located in mitochondria and cytoplasm
oxygen required
36 ATPs produced
for long-term energy |
What is the Calvin Benson Cycle? |
PGA + NADPH + ATP → Ribulose Biphosphate |
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Fermentation |
-occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen because oxygen is not required
-Incomplete oxidation of glucose (not all Hydrogen is removed)
-very little ATP produced |
What are the three Biochemical Process involved with Respiration and Fermentation? |
1. Glycolysis
2. TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
Glycolyis |
-The removal of Hydrogen with a coenzyme NAD→NADH
-Glucose → Pyruvic acid + ATP + NADH
-the enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
|
TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid) |
-Also known as Citric Acid or Kreb's Cycle (removal of Hydrogen with NAD→NADH and FAD—FADH)
-Pyruvic Acid → Carbon Dioxide + ATP + FADH + NADH
--Oxidation by removal of Hydrogen
-Decarboxylation occurs
-Carbon Dioxide is given off |
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
-Using cytochromes to transfer hydrogen from NADH and FADH to a form of Oxygen (molecular or bound)
-⊗Oxidation of coenzymes and phosphorylation occurs (NADH + FADH + Oxygen (molecular or bound) → NAD + FAD + reduced Oxygen + ATP)
⊗Hydrogen transferred from NADH and FADH to cytochromes. Cytochromes transfer Hydrogen to a form of Oxygen to reduce it
⊗Electrons flow through the cytochromes in a membrane in this process and Protons back and forth across the membrane using ATPase which also produces ATP
-ATP generation using energy from electron transport |
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What are the three major steps of Glycolysis? |
1. Glucose->Fructose Diphosphate(FDP) (Activation using ATP)
2. Fructose Diphosphate-(FDP)> Glyceraldehyde Phosphate(G.P.)(splitting glucose w/ Aldolase)
3. Glyceraldehyde Phosphate(G.P.)->pyruvic acid + ATP + NADH (oxidation by removal of Hydrogen - no oxygen required, and phosphorylation. No Carbon Dioxide given off.) |
Decarboxylation |
Removal of CO2 |
What is the transition step between Glycolysis and TCA Cycle? |
-Pyruvic Acid → Acetic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADH
-pyruvate is made into Acetyl CoA |
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NADH → NAD |
3 ATP's produced |
FADH → FAD |
2 ATP's produced |
Glycolysis only occurs in |
Fermentation |
Fermentation is |
Glucose → acid/alcohol + ATP |
What is the one additional step to Glycolysis to convert NADH → NAD? |
-Pyruvic Acid + NADH → acid/alcohol +NAD
-Hydrogen is transferred from the NADH to the Pyruvic Acid to produce the acid/alcohol |
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In Prokaryotes... |
Glycolysis and TCA Cycle occur in Cytoplasm. |
In Prokaryotes... |
Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the Cell membrane |
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In Eukaryotes... |
Gycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. |
In Eukaryotes... |
The TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the Mitocondria |
Photosynthesis |
is Anabolism |
Photosynthesis is |
the reduction of CO2 to Glucose |
Reduction of CO2 to Glucose occurs in the |
the Light Independent reactions |
How many reactions does Photosynthesis have? |
Two... Light Dependent Reactions and Light Independent Reactions |
What are the 2 major reactions of Photosynthesis? |
1. Light Dependent
2. Light Independent reactions |
In which reaction of Photosynthesis does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur? |
Light Dependent Reactions |
What are the two types of chlorophyll molecules and associated reactions called? |
Photosystem II and Photosystem I |
Which reaction occurs first? Photosystem I or II? |
Photosystem II |
Photosystem IIa |
ATPase creates ATP from the Photolysis of H2O (oxidation of water) |
photolysis |
oxidation (splitting) of water |
Photosystem I |
Production of NADH |
Photosynthesis is the opposite of |
Catabolism |
Light independent reactions require: |
-carbon dioxide from air
-ATP from Photosystem II
-hydrogen in the form of NADPH from Photosystem I
-an enzyme Ribulose Biphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)
-sugar- Ribulose Biphosphate to attach Carbon Dioxide to |
Three Major Reactions of Light Independent Reactions |
---1. Ribulose Biphosphate + carbon dioxide → Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGA)
---2. PGA + NADPH (from PSI) + ATP(from PSII) → Glucose (Reverse Glycolysis)
---3. PGA + NADPH (from PSI) + ATP(from PSII) → Ribulose Biphosphate (Calvin Benson Cycle) |
Rubisco |
The enzyme responsible for carbon fixation(carboxylation); catalyzes Ribulose Biphosphate
|
What is the reverse of Glycolysis? |
PGA+NADPH+ATP →(Reduction) Glucose |
What is the reverse TCA cycle? |
Ribulose Biphosphate →(carboxylation fixation) Phosphoglyceric Acid (PGA) |