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PSYCH 212: EXAM 4/FINAL
Concrete operations
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3rd stage of piagetian cognitive development; logical but not abstract thinking
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Space and causality
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cognitive advances in concrete operations
-better understanding of spatial relations
-ex. can give directions
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Categorization
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-cognitive advance in concrete operations
- includes seriation and transitive inference and class inclusion
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Seriation
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ability to order items along a dimension
-ex. smaller to big etc.
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Transitive inference
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understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
ex bobby is shorter than tom, tom is shorter than phil etc.
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class inclusion
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understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts
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Inductive reasoning
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moving from particular observation to a general conclusion
- up-bottom
-ex. assimilation
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Deductive reasoning
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moving from general premise to conclusion about a particular member(s) of the class
-bottom up
-ex. accomidation
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Deductive reasoning
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identity, reversibility, decenter
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horizontal decalage
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inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types
ex. mastering conservation of volume but not physical conservation
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numbers and math
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by age 6 or 7 many can count in their heads, concrete operational
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count on
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ability to add by counting
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Moral reasoning
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piagets predictions of stages of moral development
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stages of moral reasoning
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1st stage (2-7)
-preoperational
-rigid to authority, rules cannot be changed or bent
2nd stage (7-11)
-Concrete operational stage
-increasing flexibility, considers intent and beginning of equity
-allocentric
3rd stage (11-12 yrs) formal op.
-equity
-takes specific circumstances into account
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WISC IV
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wechsler intelligence scale for children
ages 6-16 yrs
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4 indices of the WISC
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1) verbal comprehension
2) perceptual reasoning; no verbal; visual learning
3)Processing speed; speed at which the right answer is given
4) working memory; measure of short term memory
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4 Basic standards for categorizing a psychological disorder
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1) Statistical infrequency (rare)
2)Disability or Dysfunction: interfere with ability to function in own life and society
3) Personal Distress: ex cyberbullying
4) Violation of Norms: ex. biopolar
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DSM IV
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the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorders
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the inability to NOT disrupt; problems with impulse control
problems with delayed gratification
only small percentage of school aged children (3-5%)
usually present before 7 yrs
learning disabilities and ADHD or HD more problematic for boys
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorders
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defiance; negative, disobedient, hostile towards others and authority
resentful, spiteful, constantly testing limits and verbal/physical aggression
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Conduct disorders (CD)
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basic rights of others are violated
more prevelant in urban than rural
males: physically aggressive
females: eating disorders, mutilation, lying, drug us, prostitution
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psychotherapy
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use of psychological techniques to treat cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal problems
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biomedical therapy
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use of medications and other medical therapies to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders
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biomedical therapy
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individual or family psychotherapy
-assumes problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking
-focus is on recognition and alteration of unhealthy thinking patterns
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play art therapy
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allows the child to describe what is troubling them without feeling the need or pressure to put into words, avoid direct confrontaton
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behavior therapy/modification
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use conditioning principles (classical/operant)
-goal = rid maladaptive behaviors and promote beneficial ones
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token economy
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based on operant conditioning
giving children rewards for good behavior
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Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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treats anxiety, depression, compulisive and disruptive disorders
increase the amount of serotonin in the brain
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Adulthood is a ____________ ___________ term
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socially constructed
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what is puberty?
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social: a process that leads to sexual maturity
physical: physical ability to reproduce
psychosocial: transition period from child to adulthood
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