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SOC 001: EXAM 2
Society |
largest and most nearly self-sufficient group in existence.
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largest and most nearly self-sufficient group in existence.
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-mobile, small, about 50 people, family is the only social institution, no conception of private property, division of labor based on sex and age, more prestige when you’re old, extended family in household
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Horticulture Societies
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larger population, grow own food, still hunt and gather, primary emphasis is on livelihood of household members, household becomes smaller, slash and burn method of clearing the land
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Agricultural Societies
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invention of the plow, permitted shift from human energy to animal energy, more people released from growing food = occupational diversity and social classes
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Industrial Societies
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modern day United States, subsistence is based on the application of science & technology to the production of goods and services, about 2% of people in the U.S. grow their own food
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Social Structure
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patterned relationships among individuals and groups
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Social Structure
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a slot that a person occupies within a group
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Ascribed Status
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a slot that a person occupies within a group
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Achieved Status
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voluntary
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Role
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culturally defined rights & obligations attached to statuses
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Role Conflict
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exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with performance of a role in another status
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Role Strain
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occurs when the expectations of a single status are inconsistent (overwhelming)
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Social institutions
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Cluster of interrelated statuses, roles, and norms
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Charles Horton Cooley
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The self is part of how society makes us human
Our sense of self develops from interaction w/ others
Looking-glass self
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George Mead
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Self is composed of two parts: "I" & "me"
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Sigmund Freud
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Psychoanalytic View
id, ego, superego
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Deviance
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something frowned upon by society not necessarily against the law, norm violation
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Anomie Theory
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inconsistency between goals & access to the means of achieving those goals
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Cultural Transmission through Differential Association
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“Mom’s theory of deviance” - deviant behavior is learned
Through differential association - people you interact with
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Labeling Theory
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the deviant is the one to whom the label has been successfully applied
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Social Stratification
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structured inequality
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Class/Open System
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you can move up and down the hierarchy based on achieved statuses
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Caste/Closed System
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you can move up and down the hierarchy based on achieved statuses
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15% (32 mill)
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U.S. Overall Poverty Rate
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nearly 50%
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World Poverty Rate
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21%
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Children in poverty
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Extreme Poverty
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getting by on an income of less than $1 a day, means that households cannot meet basic needs for survival
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Moderate Poverty
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living on $1 to $2 a day, refers to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just barely
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Relative Poverty
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living on $1 to $2 a day, refers to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just barely
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Functionalist Theory of Stratification
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Different positions in society have differing degrees of functional importance
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Functional Importance
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Some jobs are more important than others
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Conflict Perspective
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See stratification as unnecessary; cause of human injustice
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Prestige
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the degree of respect given to groups, positions, or individuals
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Social Mobility
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Movement from one status to another status
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Horizontal Mobility
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change in individuals lifetime from one status to another which is roughly equal
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Vertical Mobility
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upward or downward
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Intragenerational mobility
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mobility in the lifetime of one person
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Intergenerational mobility
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change in status of family members from one generation to another
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Status Inconsistency
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A person has a mixture of high and low ranks
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Prejudice |
attitude |
Discrimination
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act/overt behavior
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Racism/Sexism/Ageism, etc
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system of beliefs and actions based on beliefs
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Segregation
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efforts to isolate minorities
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Accomodation
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members of a minority are aware of the norms & values of the dominant culture but w/o fully participating in it
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Acculturation
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people in a minority group adapt the norms, values and behavior patterns of the dominant society (occupationally)
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Assimilation |
entry into dominant society through friendships
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Amalgamation
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occurs when cultures or races mix to form new cultural & racial types; primarily through intermarriage
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Gender role
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process whereby individuals adopt the culturally defined attributes toward the characteristics of male & female
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