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Study Guide: Final Exam
Buckminster Fuller |
United States architect who invented the geodesic dome (1895-1983) |
Lustron Homes |
"..., They are one-story with a rectangular Ranch Style shape. The
roof and walls are made of prefabricated steel panels. The
panels are coated with colored porcelain enamel. There are
two or three bedrooms. There is radiant heating in the ceiling." |
William Levitt |
was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia. |
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) |
A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD. |
GI Bill |
Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations |
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) |
a black family purchased a house in Missouri in 1945 without knowledge of the restrictive covenant placed upon the property in 1911 barring people of Negro or Mongolian race from owning the property which led to the neighbors suing the black family to prevent them from taking possession of the purchased property; The US Supreme Court ruled that although racially-based restrictive covenants are not invalid under the 14th Amendment and may be enacted by private parties, judicial enforcement of such a covenant may not be sought because enforcements by the courts would constitute state action which in turn would be discriminatory and in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. |
Redlining |
Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications of applicants |
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". |
Gong Lum v. Rice (1927) |
"If you weren't white, you were placed with black.
Lum family was placed in black school but they fought it because they weren't black.
Favored in school board opinion " |
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938) |
"Decision: states which provide education to whites must also provide in-state education to blacks.
Amendment in question: 14th
Incorporation: NONE
Other: integration; see Sweatt v. Painter and Brown v. Board" |
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) |
a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. At the time, no law school in Texas would admit blacks. |
McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950) |
Unconstitutional to admit blacks but require them to sit in their own row |
Charles Hamilton Houston |
a prominent African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws, which earned him the title The Man Who Killed Jim Crow. He is also well known for having trained future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. |
Thurgood Marshall |
The first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education |
Briggs v. Elliott (1951) |
... |
Brown I (1954) |
The Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" is inherently unequal in the context of public education, and called for the desegregating of schools. |
Brown II (1955) |
Unanimously overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, ruled that segregated schools are inherently unequal; mandated desegregation. Second case ordered schools to desegregate "with all due and deliberate speed." |
All Deliberate Speed |
the brown decision declared the system of legal segregation unconstitutional. But the court ordered only that the states end segregation with "all deliberate speed." This vagueness about how to enforce the ruling gave segregationists the opportunity to organize resistance |
Massive Resistance |
policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 |
J.A. DeLaine |
files suit for integrated schools and fired him; nspired by the speech, went back to Summerton and asked school officials to provide a bus for black students. First, he went to the superintendent of the schools, who was a white man and fellow minister. He told that black citizens did not pay enough taxes to support a bus and that asking white taxpayers to support it would be unfair. Then, went to state officials, who told him that it was a local problem. Next, and some parents purchased an old bus and tried to maintain it themselves, but the bus was often broken down. Finally, found a parent, Levi Pearson, who was brave enough to challenge the bus policy in court. Pearson's three children had to walk nine miles each way to their school. But the state ignored Pearson's initial petition. |
Central High School |
The site of forced school desegregation during the American Civil Rights Movement. Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools. |
Little Rock Nine |
In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year. |
Dormant Commerce Clause |
If Congress has not enacted a contrary law, a state or local government may regulate local aspects of interstate commerce, but it must not discriminate against or unduly burden interstate commerce. |
Mitchell v. United States (1941) |
... |
Morgan v. Virginia (1946) |
Supreme Court declared state laws mandating segregated seating on buses to be unconstitutional |
Montgomery Bus Boycott |
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. |
Montgomery Improvement Association |
Organization formed by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 to strengthen the bus boycott and to coordinate protest efforts of African Americans; led by Martin Luther King Jr. |
Browder v. Gayle (1956) |
Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional |
Parker Doctrine |
the name given to the state government's exemption from the Sherman Act. |
Green v. New Kent County, Virginia (1968) |
... |
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) |
approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools |
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) |
Highly unequal schools because of poverty. Argued that economic status is a suspect class or education is a fundamental right, but Powell accepts neither in favor of local control of education. |
Milliken v. Bradley (1974) |
This Supreme Court decision responded in some ways to the backlash against integration via busing by stating that busing was only legal where schools were deliberately using racist tactics to segregate schools. It also said that the goal of Swann was not to create racially balanced schools with certain numbers of each race but to stop wilful segregation. |
Backlash Thesis |
... |
Southern Manifesto |
The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party. |
Domino Theory |
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
Ho Chi Minh |
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable |
Dien Bien Phu |
In 1954, Vietminh rebels besieged a French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, deep in the interior of northern Vietnam. In May, after the United States refused to intervene, Dien Bien Phu fell to the communists. |
Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) |
sent to vietnam 1950 to monitor french request for aide and train soldiers and advise on strategy. |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. |
Bay of Pigs |
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. |
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam |
Tet Offensive |
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment |
Credibility Gap |
The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support |
Vietnamization |
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces |
Kent State University |
Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment. |
Barry Goldwater |
1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history |
Libertarianism |
An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life. |
Civil Rights Act (1964) |
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. |
Voting Rights Act (1965) |
1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap |
Goldwater Girls |
... |
Daisy Ad |
Lyndon B. Johnson campaign commercial; aired only once; message: Johnson was better than someone else Johnson is peaceful—little girl peeling petals off/Goldwater is destructive (showed bomb) |
Engel v. Vitale (1962) |
Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism. |
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) |
Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy. |
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
Ruled that the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney. |
Great Society |
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. |
Watts Riots |
Watts: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages. |
Deindustrialization |
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment |
Malcolm X |
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality |
Decolonization |
Decolonization is the movement of American/European colonies gaining independence. Some were peaceful struggles while others became violent. |
Cointelpro |
An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War. |
Southern Strategy |
Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party |
Stagflation |
a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) |
Detente |
Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China |
SALT |
negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons |
Yom Kippur War |
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur) |
OPEC |
an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum, organization of petroleum exporting countries |
CREEP |
Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up. |
U.S. v. Nixon (1974) |
Key supreme court ruling on power of the president, finding that there is no absolute constitutional executive privilege to allow a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial. |
Iranian Hostage Crisis |
In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president. |
Anglo-Persian Oil Company |
british corporation which began to develop Persia's rich oil fields in the early 1900s |
Mohammad Mosaddegh |
The democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. His government was overthrown in a coup d'État orchestrated by the British MI6 and the American CIA. |
Operation AJAX |
(1953) The British and the CIA reinstate the Shah of Iran in order to protect oil interests after the Iranians tried to nationalize their oil. |
Nixon Doctrine |
During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. |
Malaise Speech |
the speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people. |
Ayatollah Khomeini |
Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) |
The Late Great Planet Earth (1970) |
... |
Fundamentalism |
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). |
Evangelicalism |
Style of Christian ministry that includes much zeal and enthusiasm. Emphasizes personal conversion and faith rather than religious ritual |
Jerry Falwell |
Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools |
Moral Majority |
political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. |
Andres Serrano |
Cuban Photographer in 1980s. would put items in his own body fluids and take pictures. created "piss Christ". |
Robert Mapplethorpe |
American photographer, known for his large-scale, highly stylized black and white portraits, photos of flowers and naked men. The frank, homosexual eroticism of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks. |
Roe v. Wade (1973) |
The Court decided that a right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting the mother's health. |
Reagan Democrats |
traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s |
Montreal Protocols |
(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances |
James Watt |
A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel. |
PATCO |
was a union of air traffic controllers that went on strike during Reagan's presidency. Reagan threatened to fire them if they did not return to work, and he ended up firing most of them, showing his union busting attitude |
Proposition 13 |
a referendum on the state ballot that greatly reduced property taxes |
Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) |
A major revision of the federal income tax system. |
Mujahideen |
in Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s |
Falling Man |
... |