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PSY 12000:Study Guide
psychology
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The scientific study of behavior and mind
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Clinical Psychologists
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§ Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment or psychological problems
§ Focus on adjustment issues and marriage problems
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Applied Psychologists
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§ Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world
Consist of school psychologists and industrial/organizational psychologists
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Research psychologists
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§ Psychologist who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
§ Tend to work in research institutes and universities
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Psychiatrists
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Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems
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Confounding Variable
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An uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
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Dependent Variable
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The behavior that is measure or observed during an experiment
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Independent Variabl
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The aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. Must consist of at least two condition
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Placebo
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An inactive substance that resembles an experimental substance
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Correlational Research
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Measuring variable not manipulating them
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Experimental Research
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A technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
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Quaso Experimental Research
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Lack experimental research’s element of random assignment
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Variability
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A measure of how much the scores in a distribution of scores differ from one to another
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Standard deviation
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An indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean
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Anatomy of a Neuron
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§ Dendrites – fibers that extend outward from a neuron and receive information from other neurons
§ Soma/Cell Body – contains genetic information and energy
§ Axon – sends electrical message on te next cell
§ Terminal Buttons – contains chemicals important to neural transmission
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Action potential
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Facitation that travels along the axon at a constant strength regardless of the distance it may travel
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Neurotransmitters
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"fit” into dendrites of a new neuron from terminal points of another
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Autonomic Nervous System
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§ The collection of nerves that controls the more automatic needs of the body
§ Heart rate, digestion, blood pressure
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Things that make the heart rate go up
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Things that make the heart rate go down
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Acetylchlorine
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§ Controls muscle contraction
§ Formation of memories
§ Paralysis,
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Dopamine
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Pleasure and addiction
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Norepinephrine
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§ Accelerates heart rate
§ Affects eating
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Serotonin
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Emotional arousal and sleep
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GABA
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Neurotransmitter that may play a role in the regulation of anxiety
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Glutamate
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Most common neurotransmitter in the brain
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Left hemisphere
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verbal tasks
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Right hemisphere
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Spatial tasks and emotions
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Increases heart rate
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Decreases heart rate
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Frontal lobe
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Motor cortex, higher level thought process
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Occopital lobe
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Visual processing
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Temporal lobe
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Speech and language perception
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Parietal lobe
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Sense of touch
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Hindbrain
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Acts as basic life support
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Midoroin
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Houses neural relay stations
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Forebrain
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Performs higher mental functions
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Motor Cortex
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Plans control and execution of movements
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Somto sensory cortex
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Peripheral sensations
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Germinal Period
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Period from conception to implantation in the uterus
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Zygote
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Fertilized human egg
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Embryonic Period
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Period lasting from implantation to eight week
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Fetal Period
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Period from 9th week to birth
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Teratogens
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Environmental agents that can damage the embryo/fetus
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Visual Acuity
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Depth perception is 60-70%
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Habituation
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Present the same stimulus to a baby or they will get bored
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Sense of smell
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Infants are super sensitive to smell
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Taste
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More sensitive. Preference to sweet things. Cannot taste salt until 4 moths
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Sensorimotor
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§ Birth – 2yeras
§ Revolve around sensory and motor abilities object performance
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Preoperational
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2-7 years
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Concrete Operational
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§ 7-11 years
§ Here and now
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Formal Operational
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§ 11 years – adulthood
§ Abstracts and hypotheticals
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Conservatives
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§ Physical properties of an object stay the same despite superficial changes
§ Cup example
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Assimilation
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New experiences incorporated into existing schemata
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Change Blindeness
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When you see things selectively
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Decision Making Fallacy
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Categorize things or find patterns in things that may not have a category or pattern in order to make it easier to understand
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Figure Ground
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Identifying a figure in the background
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Retinal Disparity
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Cue for depth that is based on location differences between the image in each eye
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Convergence
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Binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes more inward or outward when looking at an object
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Looming
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The rapid expansion of an image that comes at you
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Gestalt Principle of Organization
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Proximity, Similarity, Common Fate, Simplicity, Closure
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Proximity
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If objects are close together, they appeared grouped
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Similarity
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Items that are similar get grouped together
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Common fate
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If things move in the same direction, they are grouped togethe
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Simplicity
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Eyes live to see the simplest thing
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Closure
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Even if something has a gap, people see if to be closed
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stages of sleep
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REM, N1, N2, N3
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Stage N1 Sleep
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Theta waves
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Stage N2 Sleep
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Sleep spindles, K complexes
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Stage Ng sleep
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Delta activity
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REM sleep
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§ Saw tooth waves
§ Men become erect, women get wet
§ Dreaming
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Sleep Cycle
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N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> N1 -> REM
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Dyssomnias
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§ Insomnia: difficulty initiating or maintain sleep
§ Hypersomnia excessive sleepiness
§ Narcolepsy: sudden extreme sleepiness
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Parasomnias
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§ Nightmares: frightening or anxiety arousing dreams during REM
§ Night terrors: terrifying experiences which occur mainly in children, wake up in a panic
§ Sleepwalking: sleeper rises during the sleep and wanders around
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Orienting Response
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Habituation and Sensitization
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Habituation
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The decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
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Sensitization
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Increase response or sensitivity, to an event that has to be repeated
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Classical Conditioning
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o Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
o Stimulus Generalization: Generalized fear. If you don’t like mice you won’t like rats
o Spontaneous Recovery : Recovery of CR after a period of nonexposure
Taste Aversion : Throw up from peanuts, you won’t eat peanuts today
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Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcementand Punishment
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Reinforcement
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o Increases likelihood of something
§ Positive: reward for a good behavior
§ Negative: stop nagging in order to clean room
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Punishment
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o Cecreases likelihood of something
§ Positive:
§ Negative: no dessert for Johnny because he taunted his sister
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Reinforcement Schedules
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Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Radical Behaviorism
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Fixed Ratio
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Reinforced behavior after a number of responses are made (frequent buyer’s card)
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Variable Ratio
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Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)
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Fixed Interval
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Reinforced after a specific interval
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Radical Behaviorism
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All behavior is a result of its reinforced history
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Encoding
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Determines and controls how memories are formed
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Storage
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Controls how memories are stored and kept
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Retrieval
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How memories are recovered
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Sensory Memory
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an exact replica of an environmental message toward spinal cord and brain
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Short Term Memory
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Limited capacity, depends on repetition
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Long Term Memory
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o Episodic: memory of a specific event
o Semantic: knowledge about the words, stored as facts
o Procedural: how to do things, like riding a bike
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Flashbulb Memory
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rich memory, records emotionally
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Memory Accuracy
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How well we actually remember the true details of an event
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Primary Effect
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better memory of things at the beginning of a list
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Amnesia
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o Anterograde: lose memory of things after a certain event
o Retrograde: lose memory of things after an event
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Functional Fixedness
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o Your frame sets the range of responses
o Bias that limits a person to using an object in the way it is traditionally used
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Representative Heuristic
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People tend to judge the probability of an event by finding a comparable know event and assuming the probability will be similar (ex: met a guy from IU, shes a slut. All IU girls are sluts
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Infants know four things by the age of two
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§ Phonology: sounds of words
§ Segmentation: pick out individual words
§ Semantics: meaning of a particular word
§ Grammar: how words are connected together
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Syntax
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Rules governing how words should be combined to form sentences
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Gardener’s Theory of Intelligence
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People possess a set of separate “intelligences”
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Cattell’s Theory of Intelligence
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G (General Intelligence) and S (Specific Intelligence)
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G (General Intelligence)
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contributes to performance on a variety of tests
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S (Specific Intelligence)
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unique to a specific kind of test
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Cattell suggested general intelligence has two components
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§ Fluid Intelligence:
§ Crystallized Intelligence
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Crystallized Intelligence
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measures acquired knowledge and ability
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Three components of a good test
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Reliability, Validity, Standardization
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Reliability
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a measure of the consistency of test results; prove similar scores from one to another
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Validity
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an assessment of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure
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Standardization
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keeping the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all parts of a test
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Intelligence Quotent (IQ)
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(mental age)/(chronological age) x 100
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Mental Age
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age test best fits childs performance on a test of mental ability
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Chronological Age
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how old you actually are
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Goal directed behavior that seems to be entirely self motivated
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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o Hans Selyes model of stress as a general, nonspecific reaction that occurs in three phases
§ Alarm: fight or flight response
§ Resistance: body adjusts to threat
§ Exhaustion: energy resources depleted; body starts to give up
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Facial Feeback Hypothesis
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The proposal that muscles in the face deliver signals to the brain that are then interpreted, depending on the pattern as a subjective emotional state
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Evolutionary View of Mate Selection
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o Men: tend to pursue short term sexual strategies, value attractiveness in a long term mating partner. This is an adaption to increase the likelihood of successful reproduction
o Women: long term relationships value financial stability as in the their sexual partners
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Homeostasis
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The process though which the body maintains a steady state, such as a constant internal temperature or an adequate amount of fluids
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Self- Report Personality Test
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Personality tests in which people answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel; their responses, or self reports, are then compared to average responses complied from large groups of prior test takers
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Five dimensions of personality (Big Five)
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§ Extroversion: talkative, sociable, fun loving, affectionate
§ Agreeableness: sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative
§ Neuroticism: anxious, insecure, guilt prone, self conscious
§ Openness: dent, nonconforming, showing broad interest, imaginative
§ Conscientiousness: ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful
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Person Situation Debate
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A controversial debate centering on whether people really do behave consistently across situations
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Self Monitoring
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The degree to which a person monitors a situation closely and changes his or her behavior accordingly; people who are high self monitors may not behave consistently across situations
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The degree to which a person monitors a situation closely and changes his or her behavior accordingly; people who are high self monitors may not behave consistently across situations
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o Strong situation: exerts pressure to behave on a certain way, which leads to similar behavior across people
o Weak situation: little pressure as to an appropriate behavior. People’s reactions vary on personality of traits
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Projective Tests
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A type of personality test in which individuals are asked to interpret unstructured or ambiguous stimuli (ex: Rorschach test)
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Asch’s Conformity Study ( The Line Test)
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§ Social Loading: laziness in a group
§ Deindivudalism: loss on individualness
§ Conformity: tendency to comply to the wishes of the group
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Latene and Darley Decision Tree (5 Steps)
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§ Notice the situation
§ Assume responsibility
§ Know appropriate action
§ Implement action
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Bystander Effect
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The reluctance to come to someone’s aid when other people are present. Characterized by the diffusion of responsibility (ex: someone will help)
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Attribution Errons
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The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
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Rational Imotive Therapy
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therapist acts as a cross examiner, verbally assaulting the clients irrational thought process
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Becks Cognitive theory
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clients are ask to become psychological detectives. Extensive record keeping
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Gestalt Therapsits
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Clients are actively encouraged-even forced- to express their feelings openly. Emphasis on the here and now
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Depression Treatment and Diagnosis
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o Characterized my prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
o The world is seen through a dark filter
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Schizophrenia Treatment and Diagnosis
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o A class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotional or behavior
o Three Types of Symptoms
§ Positive: abnormal behavior
§ Negative: deficits in behavior, inability to express emotion
§ Cognitive: difficulties in memory and decision making
o Hospitalizations is required in most cases
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Bipolar Treatment and Diagnosis
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o Disorder where persons mood shifts from depression to a manic state
§ Depression state – “lowly”
§ Manic state – “top of the world”
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Diagnosis
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Excessive worrying or free floating anxiety that last and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source
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Systematic Desensitization
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Using counter conditioning and extinction to reduce fear
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Aversion Therapy
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A treatment for replaying a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus, such as alcohol, with something negative such as nausea
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Humanistic Therapy
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Treatments designed to help clients gain insight into their fundamental self worth, of value as human beings
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Hallucinations
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Seeing/imaging things that are not real
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Somatoform Disorders
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Physiological Disorders that focus on the physical body. These disorders can be associated with specific body complaints (such as continuing pain) and or excessive worry about the possibility of contracting a serious disease
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Lazarus’s Theory of Stress
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Whether we feel stress depends on how we interpret the situation we are in
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Type A Personality
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Hard driving. Ambitious, impatient
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Coping with Stress
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o Types of social support
§ Emotional: expressing empathy
§ Esteem: expressing positive regard
§ Tangible: giving direct assistance
§ Informational: giving advice
§ Network: providing feeling of membership in groups that share interest
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Holmes and Role Social Readjustment Scale
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A scale with life events connected to some kind of change in day to day activities. Includes both positive and negative events
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