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BIOL 152: Notes
animal embryogenesis |
zygote--> 8 cell stage--> blastula (hollow ball of cells)--> gastrulation(embryonic tissues develop)-->gastrula(invagination)--> then develops into either a protostome or a deuterostome
Gastrula have ectoderm and endoderm
also have archentron (the gut)
Blastopore = indentation that leads to archentron |
Protostome |
spiral and determinate
mouth develops from the blastopore
anus develops from 2nd opening
includes (Porifera, Cnidaria, Acoela) |
Deuterostomes |
Deuterostomes are a superphylum of animals.
consists of echinodermata and chordata |
body cavities |
coelomate body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue
acoelomate no body cavity, not lined by any mesodermal tissue
pseudocoelmate body cavity lined by mesodermal and ectodermal tissue
examples
earthworm
planarians
roundworms |
Porifera |
Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera.They are multicellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
no true tissue
calcarea and silicea |
Lophotrochozoa |
Consists of Platyhelminthes
Rotifera (alimentary canal, undergo parthenogenesis, crown of cilia)
Lophophorates (first true coelomates, are exoskeletal)
Mollusca
Annelida (segmented bodies)
Polychates (tube worms)
Oligochaetes (earthworms, substrate feeders)
Hirudinea (leeches and parasitic worms, fresh water) |
Platyhelminthes |
The flatworms, known in scientific literature as Platyhelminthes or Plathelminthes, helminth-, meaning worm) are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrate animals.
triploblastic
Planarians (eyespots and ganglia)
Parasitic species
Trematodes use intermediary host
Tapeworms (rhabditophorans) hooks and suckers, live in intestines and hearts, absorb nutrients through body surface |
Mollusca |
The Mollusca, common name molluscs or mollusks (), are a large phylum of invertebrate animals.
coelomates (visceral mass, mantle secretes shell, foot)
all except cephalopods are open circulatory systems
Chitons (8 plated dorsal shell, oval shaped)
Gastropods (snails, slugs, undergo torsion)
Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, radula lost, no distinct head, suspension feeders)
Cephalopods ( octopus, squid, closed circulatory system, tentactles, brains) |
Ecdysozoa |
Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata, crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.
Nematodes ( no segments, no circulatory system, sexual, roundworms, psuedocoelomate, longitudal muscles, parasitic, decomposers)
cuticles, molting(ecdysis), chitin, exoskeletal |
Arthropods |
An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages.
compound eyes, coelom, open circulatory system, sexual, undergo metamorphosis( complete and incomplete)
Cheliceriformes = have pincers/fangs, cephalothorax, pedipalps (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
Myriapoda = centipedes, have mandibles
Hexapoda = most = complete metamorphosis, (coleoptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, diptera; flies, beetles, bees, moths)
Crustacea = lobster, crawfish, shrip, (decapods) |
Echinodermata |
spiny, water vascular system, tube feet, muscles
asteriodea (starfish, sea daises)
ophiuroidea have central disk, (brittle stars)
echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Crinoidea ( sea lillies and feather stars)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
Cephalochordata |
Cephalochordata is a chordate subphylum defined by the presence of a notochord that persists throughout life.
hollow nerve chord
suspension feeders
(Lancelets) |
Urochordata |
Tunicates, previously known as Urochordata or urochordates, are members of the Tunicata, a subphylum of the phylum Chordata.
larval stage are similar to lancelets, then grow to sea squirts
sessile animals |
Myxini |
Hagfish, the clade Myxini, are eel-shaped slime-producing marine animals (occasionally called slime eels).
first craniates, have head, skull, brain
jawless
neural crest |
Petromyzontida |
Hyperoartia or Petromyzontida is a group of jawless fish that includes the modern lampreys and their fossil relatives, the jawless fish of the class Anaspida.
basal lineage of vertebrates
vertebral column
larvae = suspension feeders |
Chondrichthyes |
Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a two-chambered heart, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
jaws, cartilaginous, lateral line system
nostrils, gills, cart. skeleton
sharks (store oil in liver for buoyancy)
rays |
Actinopterygii |
The Actinopterygii, or ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or sub-class of the bony fishes.
lungs, lung derivatives, gills covered by operculum
swim bladders
tuna, trout, etc |
Actinistia |
Actinistia is a subclass of mostly fossil lobe-finned fishes.
lobed fins
bones and muscles in pelvic region
saltwater dwelling
coelacanths |
Dipnoi |
Lungfish are freshwater fish belonging to the subclass Dipnoi.
freshwater
lungs/gills
lobed fins
lungfish |
Amphibia |
Amphibians are members of the class Amphibia, a group of vertebrates whose living forms include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.
water and land stages of life
tetrapods, also limbs with digits
moist skin for gas exchange in water and land |
Reptiles |
Reptiles are members of a class of air-breathing, ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates which are characterized by skin covered in scales and/or scutes.
Amniotes, amniotic eggs with amnion/yolk/albumen/allantois
diapsids
crocodiles, lizards, snakes
birds (feathers = keratin) |
Mammalia |
Mammals are members of class Mammalia, air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young. synapsids
live birth, four-chambered heart
monotremes lay eggs
marsupials (complete embyonic development via nursing, kangaroo, tasmanian devil, bandicot, sugar glider)
Eutherians (placental mammals, primates, humans, mouse, mole, flying squirrel, wolverine, etc) |
Casparian strip |
In plant anatomy, the Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis, which is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall.
forces symplastic route into vascular tissue of cell |
sieve-tube elements |
Sieve tubes are mainly to transport sugars and nutrients up and down the plant.
phloem |
Phloem |
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, in particular, sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed.
|
xylem |
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants.
water |
stomata |
In botany, a stoma is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for water transipiration
|
gibberellins |
Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction, and leaf and fruit senescence.
|
ethylene |
Ethylene is an organic compound, a hydrocarbon with the formula or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odor when pure.
ripening of fruit, root hair formation, aging, responds to stress |
cytokinins |
Cytokinins are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
|
abscisic acid |
Abscisic acid, also known as abscisin II and dormin, is a plant hormone.
inhibits growth, promotes stomatal closure, seed dormancy |
osmotic potential |
Osmotic pressure is the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
|
Cork Cambium |
Cork cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of theperiderm. The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots,gymnosperms and some monocots, which usually lack secondary growth.
|
Vascular Cambium |
lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants. The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and is located between these tissues in the stem and root. A few leaf types also have a vascular cambium
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