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PHIL 160: Exam 1

Ethics
the study of moral thought; values, principles, judegements
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Theory
an attempt to state in a brief sentence some sort of fundamental principle or concept that explains everything else
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"Pleasure is the ultimate value" is an example of a/n....?
theory
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"Living in harmony with nature is the ultimate value" is an example of a/n....?
theory
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Principles
not based on any one specific moral or value
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"people should have freedom of speech" is an example of a/n....?
principle
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"it is wrong to break a promise" is an example of a/n.....?
principle
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specific judgments
someone is asserting an opinion about a specific situation
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"the Watergate break-in and cover-up were wrong" is an example of a/n.....?
specific judgment
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implications
THE CONCLUSION THAT CAN BE DRAWN FROM SOMETHING..... let Y be a statement, and let X be either a statement or a set of statements -if X is true, then Y is also true -X is sufficient for Y
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divine command theory
the view that what is right is what God commands because what God commands determines what is right
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secular
non-religious
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moral disagreement
abortion, homosexuality,race, sex, religion
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what does moral disagreement tell us?
because there is widespread and persistent moral disagreement, there are no universal moral truths
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moral relativism
the ethical thesis that there are no universal moral truths; morality is relative to individuals, communities, societies, etc.
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individual relativism
the view that morality is relative to individuals
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objectivism
the view that there are some moral claims that are universally true, not merely true relative to some individual or society
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relativist
they deny the fact that morality is objective; they do not believe that certain moral judgments are true or false regardless of the culture making them
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relativism
the view that morality is relative (to culture) rather than objective or universal
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psychological egoism
the view that all human actions are ultimately motivated entirely by self-interest
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psychological egoism is concerned with how people 1???? act, not how they 2???? act.
1- do 2- ought to
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Reinterpreting evidence
a strategy used to argue in favor of psychological egoism
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Why is the strategy of reinterpreting evidence a problem?
when you always reinterpret evidence that seems to go against your theory, you are no longer treating the evidence as just a source of information; you are taking your theory and making the evidence to fit it
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X is Y.
theory
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A 1???? generates a 2?????
1- theory 2- principle
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consequentialism
the consequences of one's actions are the ultimate basis for any judgement about the rightness or wrongness of the act
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nonconsequentialist
judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequences
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supererogation
the performance of more work than duty requires
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ethical egoism
people should act only for their own self-interest
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utilitarianism
the belief that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority ---choosing to do something based solely off the consequences that it will benefit long-time, overall happiness of the majority
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hedonism
the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence
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Epicurus’s hedonistic view of the good life
One should limit one’s own desires to one’s basic needs, and seek to satisfy those alone. Excessive desires beyond those of basic needs are unnecessary, and often lead to distress and displeasure when they are not satisfied.
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