PHIL 160: Exam 1
32 Cards in this Set
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Ethics
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the study of moral thought; values, principles, judegements
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Theory
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an attempt to state in a brief sentence some sort of fundamental principle or concept that explains everything else
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"Pleasure is the ultimate value" is an example of a/n....?
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theory
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"Living in harmony with nature is the ultimate value" is an example of a/n....?
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theory
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Principles
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not based on any one specific moral or value
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"people should have freedom of speech" is an example of a/n....?
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principle
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"it is wrong to break a promise" is an example of a/n.....?
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principle
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specific judgments
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someone is asserting an opinion about a specific situation
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"the Watergate break-in and cover-up were wrong" is an example of a/n.....?
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specific judgment
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implications
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THE CONCLUSION THAT CAN BE DRAWN FROM SOMETHING.....
let Y be a statement, and let X be either a statement or a set of statements
-if X is true, then Y is also true
-X is sufficient for Y
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divine command theory
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the view that what is right is what God commands because what God commands determines what is right
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secular
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non-religious
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moral disagreement
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abortion, homosexuality,race, sex, religion
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what does moral disagreement tell us?
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because there is widespread and persistent moral disagreement, there are no universal moral truths
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moral relativism
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the ethical thesis that there are no universal moral truths; morality is relative to individuals, communities, societies, etc.
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individual relativism
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the view that morality is relative to individuals
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objectivism
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the view that there are some moral claims that are universally true, not merely true relative to some individual or society
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relativist
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they deny the fact that morality is objective; they do not believe that certain moral judgments are true or false regardless of the culture making them
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relativism
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the view that morality is relative (to culture) rather than objective or universal
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psychological egoism
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the view that all human actions are ultimately motivated entirely by self-interest
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psychological egoism is concerned with how people 1???? act, not how they 2???? act.
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1- do
2- ought to
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Reinterpreting evidence
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a strategy used to argue in favor of psychological egoism
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Why is the strategy of reinterpreting evidence a problem?
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when you always reinterpret evidence that seems to go against your theory, you are no longer treating the evidence as just a source of information; you are taking your theory and making the evidence to fit it
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X is Y.
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theory
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A 1???? generates a 2?????
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1- theory
2- principle
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consequentialism
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the consequences of one's actions are the ultimate basis for any judgement about the rightness or wrongness of the act
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nonconsequentialist
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judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequences
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supererogation
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the performance of more work than duty requires
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ethical egoism
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people should act only for their own self-interest
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utilitarianism
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the belief that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
---choosing to do something based solely off the consequences that it will benefit long-time, overall happiness of the majority
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hedonism
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the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence
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Epicurus’s hedonistic view of the good life
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One should limit one’s own desires to one’s basic needs, and seek to satisfy those alone. Excessive desires beyond those of basic needs are unnecessary, and often lead to distress and displeasure when they are not satisfied.
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PHIL 160: Exam 3