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PRE 305: Test 1
Theory |
a coherent set of propositions that
organize
our empirical observations and
explain known phenome |
Lay Theories
|
Folk psychologies found to be prevalent in teachers
|
To be a theory, an organization of
knowledge mustbe: |
Falsifiable
Parsimonious |
how does change happen
|
Quantatativley(continuously, ininfnitely small steps),
or
qualitativley(in stages that are categorically different |
why does change happen
|
Biological processes,
Environmental processes, or
Some combination of biology and environmemt |
Id |
present at birth, pleasure principle
|
Ego |
CEO of the operation, reality principle, mediates between id and supego
|
Superego
|
socialization, moral principles and norms
internalized from parents and others, starts forming at
5-7 |
Infancy:Trust
vs Mistrust |
Basic trust that the world is a safe place; confidence about care and own
ability to cope vs hopelessness |
toddlerhood: Autonomy
vs
Shame& doubt |
Independence and self control
vs Lack of Confidence |
Preschool:Initiative vs guilt
|
activity vs over control
|
School Age:Industry
vs
Inferiority |
Learning the task of one’s
soceity
vs
sense of inadequacy |
Adolescence: Identity
vs
Role Confusion |
... |
Early adulthood:Intimacy vs Isolation |
Forming close relationships
vs fear of losing self |
Middle Adulthood:
Generativity
vs
Stagnation |
Making lasting contributions to society
vs
being preoccupied with own needs |
Late Adulthood:Integrity
vs
Despair |
Sense of meaning and life well lived
vs
fear of death |
UCS,UCR+CS> CS+CR |
... |
Reinforcement
|
increases the likelihood
of the behavior
being repeated |
Positing reinforcement
|
something being added(result:increased
likelihood of behavior) |
Negative reinforcement
|
something taken away(result:decreased likelihood of behavior
|
self efficacy
|
How likely am I to be able to execute the observed
behaviors successfully? |
more self efficacy
|
students work harder and tackle more difficult tasks
|
Pygmalion |
his statue of the perfect woman came to life
|
Schema |
like a closet,
A cognitive framework that places a concept into
categories and associations |
Assimilation |
put new info into schema/closet
|
Accommodation
|
change the existing schema, build a new one, to store more info
|
Sensorimotor
(birth -2) |
schemas formed
through sensory experiences and motor actions
Object permanence |
PreOperational(2-7)
|
nonlogical thought
(“operations),but can represent objects in mind
–
Egocentrism
–
Conservation |
concrete operations 7-12
|
... |
formal operations 12+
|
abstract thought
|
positive correlation
|
ex: vocabulary and intelligence
|
negative correlation
|
social support and depression
|
Quasi experiment (natural experiment)
|
when the independent variable is already asigned
|
literature review
|
write summary of what you think are important details. There is a level of subjectivity for what you include.
|
meta analysis
|
Puts a number to tell you about a study, what is the effect size (who is able to study it)
|
46 chromosomes 23 pairs from each parent
|
... |
zygote |
fertalized egg, all 46 chromosomes
|
monozygotic MZ twins
|
One egg, one sperm,genetically identical
|
dizigotic DZ twins
|
two eggs, two sperm,genetically regular siblings
|
down syndrome
|
one extra chromosome 21
|
Klinefelter
Syndrome |
an extra X in men (XXY)
|
Turner Syndrome
|
Missing X in women (XO)
|
Fragile X
|
one gene segment in X repeateated too much
|
Canalization
|
The degree to which expression of ageneis
influenced by the environemtn |
Epigenetics
|
Environments shape genes expression
|
Niche Picking
|
Gene predisposition leads the child to
choose environments/experiences that fit that
predisposition |
Germinal
stage |
fertilization to 2 weeks
|
embryo
|
2 weeks–2 months post conception
|
Placenta
|
brings oxygen and nutrients
|
Organogenesis
|
all of the major organ systems
laid down |
Fetus
|
beginning of 3rd month to birth
|
most common cause of misscarriage
|
genetic abnormalities
|
Teratogens
|
Agents that can disrupt prenatal development and cause
malformations or termination (ex: smoking, alochol, perscription and OTC drugs, illicit drugs, stress) |
Apgar
score |
Baby’s overall condition,at t=1 and 5
7-10 is normal, 4-6 some intervention, less than 3 immediate lifesaving intervention needed |
prematutity
|
less than 37 weeks
|
full term 37-42
|
... |
if less than 5 lbs 4 oz at full term is low birth weight
|
... |