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SOC 104: Exam 1
sociologists study...
|
· Ineaquality in the modern world
· Broad range of topics
· Address social problems and make the world a better place |
sociology vs. common sense
|
-sociology is the systematic analysis of facts
-some it might be "common sense" |
social location
|
- action, life chances, and treatment of person or group of people due to their placement within the social structure
- affects access to resources and education
- the better social location you have the more likely you are to succeed |
social location: example
|
-a person that is raised in an upper-class family has access to tutors that will help them get into Harvard
-a person that is born into poverty will go to a crowded public school and will struggle to succeed |
social structure
|
framework of society
-how we organize society
-created to solve basic human and organizational problems that arrive in everyday life |
social structure: example
|
-religion
-race
-gender
-class
-age
-sexual orientation |
social institutions
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-norms, values, and beliefs that are different for each social institution
-created from organizations and communities |
social institutions: example
|
-school vs. friend setting
-you would cuss and make crude jokes in front of your friend but not at school |
social construct
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-an idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as “real”, but it is an invention of a particular culture of society
|
socially constructed reality
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-an ongoing and dynamic process
-derived and maintained from social interactions
-example: people expect you to pay in cash and not to barter |
primary socialization
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-what we learn from our primary caretakers AKA our parents
-applies to the rest of society
-example: hitting is bad, do not eat food off the floor, etc. |
secondary socialization
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-socialized by a different institution for the rest of our lives
-example: |
internalization
|
-accepting society's norms as your own
-example: murder is bad |
externalization
|
-put something outside of its original borders
-put a human function outside of the human body
-example: to take notes instead of letting the brain memorize |
objectification |
-social constructs that present themselves as having always been there
-happens when social constructs are taken for granted
-example: modern day cities |
subjective reality
|
-the reality that pertains only to you
-example: my head really hurts |
objective reality
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-the reality that exists to everyone
-example: everyone's head hurts because their is a gas leak |
social imagination
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-the difference between personal and public issues
|
personal issue
|
-when only you have this issue
-example: I lost my job in the factory |
public issue
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-an issue that affects the public
-example: there is a nationwide recession and everyone at the factory is laid off |
social networks
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-the shape of a network AKA its "structure" or "topology"
-there are different ways to arrange a social network
-regardless, people will always be connected the same way |
dyadic spread
|
-the tendency for the effects of something to spread to a person's direct social ties
-example: living with a person who is depressed makes you more likely to be depressed |
hyperdyadic spread
|
-the tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person (outside a person’s direct social ties)
-example: you are more likely to lose weight with a friend-of-a-friend because you are less likely to bail on them |
six degrees of separation rule
|
-AKA "it's a small world after all"
-on average, you are no more than six connections away from another person |
Emile Durkheim
|
-one of the founding figures of sociology
-founded "functionalism" AKA "consensus perspective"
-argues that we all have shared interests which is what holds us together as a society
-most people agree on what is memorable, good, bad, necessary, morale, etc. |
consensus perspective
|
-argued by Durkheim
-high degree of consensus (agreement) provides the foundation for social solidarity and stability
-everybody needs to agree with each other in order to have a good society |
collective conscience
|
-the widespread beliefs/agreements that most people in society strive to live by
-we create laws to reinforce our morals and codes of behaviors
-example: the idea that is wrong to hit another person, we do not have to explain why this is wrong because everyone agrees on it |
collective effervescence
|
-perceived social energy that emerges from crowd solidarity; produced by group rituals and actions
-example: everyone ran down to Mass St. when we went to the 2012 National Championship game because everyone was excited |
mechanical solidarity
|
-found in simple societies
-everyone does the same jobs, rituals, etc.
-everyone has the same day to day experiences and engages in the same rituals that give everyone a likeness of mind
-example: a small tribe in the Brazilian rainforest |
organic solidarity
|
-found in modern societies
-everyone has their own jobs/agendas
-this causes everyone to be dependent on one another because I cannot do my job if you do not do yours
-example: Lawrence, KS |
anomie
|
-feeling of disconnect from society
-typically happens in organic solidarity
-example: Angelina felt anomie during the filming of Jersey Shore because she did not connect with her cast mates and her job |
functionalism |
-argued by Durkheim
-emphasizes society as a functioning whole with lots of different parts running it
-similar to the human body and the organs inside of it |
conflict theories
|
-focuses on issues of contention, power, and inequality
-views society as a collection of competing interests
-different groups will always try to get the resources to be used in their best interest |
Karl Marx
|
-founding figure of sociology
-main contributor to the "conflict theories"
-he predicted that communism would eventually overthrow capitalism
-many of his predictions have come true today |
social classes
|
-to some extent they are achieved
-but mostly we are just born into them
-social classes are fluid, but not as much as you think
-most people do not achieve upward mobility
-social classes influence our social outcomes |
Marxist theory of history
|
-slavery
-feudalism
-capitalism
-socialism |
slavery-Marxist theory of history
|
-a master/slave relationship that occurred
|
feudalism-Marxist theory of history
|
-class divisions that were based off of feudal landlords and serf-type relationships
-occurred for over 1000 years |
capitalism-Marxist theory of history
|
-took form at the start of the 18th century AKA the start of the industrial revolution
-introduced the Bourgeoisie and proletariat relationships
-first time in history that workers sold their labor for wages
-this is the way we live now |
socialism-Marxist theory of history
|
-the final stage of the theory
-Marx believed that the workers would get so sick of the Bourgeoisie they would overthrow them |
Bourgeoisie
|
-the people that control the labor forces
-they are the ones that make all the money
-the upper class |
Traditional Marxist Model of Culture
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-base: forces of production
-superstructure: art, media, government, ideology
-the bourgeoisie are the superstructure and the workers are the base
-everyone is trying to get to the superstructure but you have to meet your basic needs at the base before you can move up |
class stratification
|
-a form of separation based off of how much money you make
-those at the top (the bourgeoisie) have access to lots of resources and will make more money
-those at the bottom (the workers) struggle to get by due to lack of resources |
The Labor Theory of Value
|
-Marx's economic theory of capitalism’s inherent exploitive nature
-involves necessary and surplus labor time
-the goal for the bourgeoisie is to shortener necessary labor time, this will leave more surplus labor time and will get them more money |
necessary labor
|
-the labor that needs to be done in order to cover costs and break-even
-only the amount necessary to survive |
surplus labor time
|
-where the profit comes from
-the portion of labor that goes beyond the business' needs to survive
-the goal is to have as much surplus labor time as possible |
hegemony |
-when the ruling class' worldview is imposed on everyone else
-people will accept this because it is often seen as the "status quo"
-a sneaky kind of power that most people do not necessarily see it or actively resist it |
examples of cultural hegemony
|
-a TV producer will not allow some investigative journalists to report on a story because it makes the parent company (who owns the station) look bad
-an energy or soda drink company makes sure that their product is in schools nationwide |
Pierre Bordieu
|
-one of the most important sociologists from the 20th century
-argues that inequality stems from economic, social, and cultural capital differences |
economic capital
|
-how much money you make
-example: doctor vs. janitor |
social capital
|
-who you know and how well you know them
-example: you have a lot of Facebook friends, but do you know anybody who could help you get out of a DUI |
cultural capital
|
-knowledge of the current dominant cultural trends
-example: do you know who Jay-Z is |
cultural capital-routine
|
-some things change routinely like art & fashion
-once everyone has access to it, it loses capital
-example: Ed Hardy was once a trendy, exclusive brand but now everyone can wear it and it's not as cool |
cultural capital-inertia
|
-it had high capital 50 years ago and it will have high capital in 50 years
-example: fancy cars & playing golf |