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ECON 144: Exam 1
Empirical study
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is results of verifiable evidence from a systematic collection and analysis of data that has been objectively observed, measured, and undergone experimentation
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Basic research
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is research that answers fundamental question about behavior
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Applied research
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is research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems
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Various areas of the brain are studied to determine which areas are most affected by drinking alcohol
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basic |
A comparison of driving behavior and people who have various levels of alcohol to no alcohol in their bloodstreams.
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applied
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Mice are given a new drug to determine if there are any effects on their nervous system.
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basic |
A study is conducted to determine whether the desire to learn or having higher academic skills has a greater impact on achieving a college degree. This type of study is an example of _______ research.
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applied |
theory |
is an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry
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research hypothesis
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which is a precise statement of the presumed relationship among specific parts of a theory
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variable |
is any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different times or places
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Dr. Peterson believes people are essentially altruistic based on years of research in this area.
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theory |
Janice predicts that study habits amongst college students will improve with increased sleep.
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hypothesis
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conceptual variables
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are abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses
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measured variables
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which are variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables
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operational definition
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to refer to a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable
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A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client’s anxiety. By anxiety, the therapist means the emotional feelings of worry, tension and dread that a person frequently experiences. As stated, anxiety is the emotional feelings of worry, tension and dread that a person frequently experiences is a(n) __________ variable.
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conceptual |
A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client’s anxiety. By anxiety, the therapist means the client’s reported level of anxiety on a 10-point scale. The variable, anxiety, is a(n) __________ variable.
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operational
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A hypothesis states a __________________.
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relationship between two or more variables
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Abstract ideas that form the basis of a research hypothesis are called
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conceptual variables
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A precise definition of how a variable in a study will be observed and measured is called a(n) ______________.
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operational definition
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scientific method
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is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research
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_______________ are what scientists use when they want to study a specific research question and make specific predictions about outcomes.
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Hypotheses |
One of the four important characteristics of a good theory is that it is __________, meaning that the variables of the study can be adequately measured and the relationships between the variables that are predicted by the theory can be shown through research to be incorrect.
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falsifiable |
A study that is based on systematic collection and analysis of data from careful observation, measurement and experimentation is said to be a(n) _________ study.
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empirical
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When a research study repeats, adds to, or modifies previous research findings, it is designed to ______________.
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replicate |
Institutional Review Board
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is a committee of at least five members whose goal it is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research conducted within an institution
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Deception
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occurs whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it
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Informed consent
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designed to explain the research procedures and inform the participant of his or her rights during the investigation
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debriefing |
is a procedure designed to fully explain the purposes and procedures of the research and remove any harmful aftereffects of participation
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Psychologists must address concerns about the ethics of their research because human participants ______________.
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may experience some stress, harm, or inconvenience
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Before a university researcher can test his or her hypotheses by collecting data, a(n) _______ must provide ethical oversight.
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Institutional review board
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Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session?
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Informed consent, experiment, debriefing
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Research design
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is the specific method is researcher uses to collect, analyze and interpret data
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descriptive research
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is research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs
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Correlational research
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is research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge
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Experimental research
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is research in which there is random assignment of research participants into two groups
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case studies
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descriptive records of one or more individuals experiences and behavior
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survey |
a measure administered through either a face-to-face or interview
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naturalistic observation
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is research based on the observation of everyday events occurring in the natural environment of people or animals
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observer bias
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which happens when the individual observing behavior is influenced by their own experiences, expectations, or knowledge about the purpose of the observation or study
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Independent Variable
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manipulated by the experimenter
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dependent variable
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in an experiment is a measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation
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common-casual variable
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is a variable that is not part of the research hypothesis but that causes both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produces the observed correlation between them
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spurious relationship
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is a relationship between two variables in which a common-casual variable produces and "explains away"
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experimenter bias
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a situation in which the experimenter subtly treats the research participants in the various experimental conditions differently, resulting in an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis
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double-blind experiment
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both the researcher and the research participants are blind to condition
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external validity
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refers to the extent to which the results of a research design can be generalized beyond the specific way the original experiment was conducted
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generalization
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is the extent to which relationships among conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people and a wide variety of manipulated or measured variables
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replication |
the process of repeating previous research, which forms the basis of all scientific inquiry
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Threats to __________ validity involve potential inaccuracies in assumptions about the causal role of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
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internal |
Threats to ___________ validity involve potential inaccuracy regarding the generality of observed findings.
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external |
When both the researchers and the participants do not know which conditions the participants are assigned to, the research design is known as ___________.
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double-blind
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