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BIOL 200: Chapter 11
Physiology |
study of how an organism functions
|
metabolism |
totality of chemical & physical processes occurring in cell
|
nutrition |
process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from environment and used in cellular activities
|
essential nutrients |
must be provided to an organism
|
macronutrients |
required in large quantities, play principal role in cell structure and metabolism
proteins
CHO's |
micronutrients/trace elements |
required in small amounts, involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
manganese
zinc
nickel |
organic nutrients |
contain C & H atoms and are usually the products of living things
CHO's
lipids
prots
NA's |
Inorganic nutrients |
atoms/molecule containing a combo of atoms other than C & H
metals & their salts - magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate
gases - oxygen, carbon dioxide
water |
2 major metabolic requirements
|
Carbon = building new organic compounds
Energy = electrons used for powering chemical reactions |
Heterotroph Carbon source |
obtains C in an organic form made by other living organisms
prots
CHO's
lipids |
Autotroph carbon source |
an organism that uses inorganic C sources
CO2
not nutritionally dependent on other living things |
Energy (electron) source - Phototrophs |
gain E through photosynthesis
Oxygenic photosynthesis
anoxygenic photosynthesis |
Energy (electron) source - chemotroph |
gain E from chemical compounds
chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs)
chemoheterotrophs |
chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs) |
microbes that can survive completely on inorganic compounds
|
chemoheterotrophs |
microbes that can't survive completely on inorganic compounds |
microbial heterotrophs |
saprobes
parasites
Making big small!
walled cell = barrier
enzymes transported outside wall
enzymes hydrolyze bonds on nutrients
smaller molecules transported across wall/cell memb. into cytoplasm |
saprobes |
free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
opportunistic pathogen
facultative parasite |
parasites |
derive nutrients from host
pathogens
some are obligate parasites |
chemical analysis of cell contents
|
mostly water
a lot of proteins
mucho CHNOPS
trace elements |
growth factor |
organic compounds such as an AA, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that can't be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient
many cells can't synthesize all 20 AA's so they must obtain them from food (essential AA's) |
cell membrane function |
provides barrier b/n inside and outside of cell
|
Membrane composition
|
phosopholipid bilayer
glycoproteins
channels
cytoskeleton |
glycoproteins |
membrane proteins w/ CHO's attached
cell recognition
receptors
adhesion |
channels |
proteins that form pores (holes) in the membrane
control what moves in and out |
cytoskeleton |
underlying actin filaments
|
selectively permeable |
some molecules pass through the cell membrane easily, while others can't
non-polar = YES
polar/ionic molecules = NO (need help) |
molecular motion |
molecules have KE
constantly in motion
heating = increases
cooling = decreases
unless it's 0K = -460 F
Constant collisions w/ other molecules = random & spread out
High conc. to low conc
lead to reduced E states |
membrane transport |
Passive transport: no E - w/ conc. grad
diffusion
osmosis
faciliated diffusion
Active transport: needs E - against conc. grad
primary active transport
secondary active transport
bulk transport |
Diffusion |
molecules move along conc. grad./spreading out
No E |
osmosis |
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
membranes allow free diffusion of water
channels that freely allow water to enter/exit
block other molecules
water moves to high solute concentration |
hypertonic |
solution has more solutes than cytoplasm
salt water = lots of solutes
ex: halobacteria in Great Salt Lake - absorb salt to make cells isotonic w/ environment |
hypotonic |
solution has less solutes than cytoplasm
pure water = no solutes, bursts cell
ex: bacteria cell wall protects them from bursting
ex: protists - a water (or contractile) vacuole that moves excess water out of the cell |
isotonic |
solution has = # of solutes as cytoplasm
saline solution = not dangerous |
Facilitated diffusion |
passive transport
carrier proteins
specialized channels that allow molecules to follow their conc. grad.
exhibit specificity - bind and transport single types of molecules |
active transport |
many molecules that are in low concentrations outside, high on inside
food sources/nutrients
need to be transported against conc. grad.
need E
need protein transporters = permeases |
primary active transport - carrier mediated transport |
uses ATP as E source
solute binding
phosphorylation = ATP to ADP & P (P attaches)
transport = protein changes shape
protein reversion = P detaches |
primary active transport - group transolcation |
molecule actively transported & modified
transport & synthesis
ex: bacteria while transporting sugars (glucose, fructose) |
secondary active transport |
E provided by conc. grad. of other molecule
antiporter
symporter |
antiporter |
countertransport
2 substances in opposite directions
ex: Na-Ca exchanger
Na w/ conc. grad, Ca against |
symporter |
cotransport
2 substances in same direction
Na w/ conc grad, glucose against |
Endocytosis |
eating/drinking by cell
bringing substances into cell through vesicle or phagosome
phagocytosis = ingests substances or cells
pinocytosis = ingests liquids |
Exocytosis |
transport of molecules out of the cell
vesicle joins w/ membrane and secretes shit out
vesicle
joining of vesicle w/ plasma membrane
secretion of cellular product |