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BIO 105: TEST 2
ATP |
the energy used to move things throughout the cell
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Endergonic reactions
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anabolic pathways, more energy, photosynthesis
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Exergonic reactions
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catabolic, lesss, aerobic
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5 characteristics of enzymes
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1.speed up metabolic reactions
2.substrate specific-lock and key
3.catalytic center causes reaction
4.physical and chemical enivorment affect activity
5.reusable-not destroyed
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factors influencing enzyme activity
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1.coenzymes & cofactors
2.allsteric regulators
3.tempuature
4.pH
5.salt concerntration
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active passive
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active-atp
passive-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
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diffusion
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move
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facilitated
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carry |
osmosis
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water
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passive transport
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net movement is down concentration gradient
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active transport
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requires atp
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hypertonic
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pulls water out
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hypotonic
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"turgid" lots fo water
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endocytosis
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movement into cell
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phagocytosis
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cell eating
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pinocytosis
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cell drinkin
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photosynthesis equation
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12h2o+6co2
6o2+c6h12o6+6h2o
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light dependent
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thylakoid membrane
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light independent
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stroma
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cyclic
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makes ATP
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noncyclic
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makes ATP and NADPH
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dark (CB)
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atp, nadph, atmospheric air (make glucose)
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primary clorophyll in plants
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clorohpyl-a
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calvin benson cycle
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dark reactions- reactants:carbon dioxide, ATP,NADPH products:glucose,adp,nadp
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aerobic stages
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glycolosis,krebs,electron trasport phosphorylation
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final electron acceptor
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oxygen |
main source of engergy
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carbon |
main energy hog
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glycolsis
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atp in glucose
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36
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atp in glicolsis
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2
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fermentations
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lactic, alcohol, cellular
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humans ferment
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lactic acid in muslces
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when blood pressure increases
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pancreas secretes insulin
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electron transport chain in
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mitochondria
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glycolosis takes place in
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mitochondria
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characteristics of cancer cells
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... |
5 cell cycles
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1.interphase
2.prophase
3.metaphase
4.anaphase
5.telephase
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interphase |
longset, dna is duplicated
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prophase
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chromosomes condense and become visible
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metaphase
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aligned and attach to opposite poles
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the hydrogens come from
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the splitting of water
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the carbon comes from
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carbon dioxide
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phase synapsis occurs
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in phrophase I
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chromosomes in mitosis
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2
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choromosomes in meiosis
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4
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cancer cells
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no cell cycle controls, manufcature own growth, divide indefitley, immortal
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animal vs plant cell division
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telephase
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cell formed
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miosis(diff) makes haploid, mitosis(identical) makes diploid
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alleles
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different molecular form of gene
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pheono and geno
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pheno-physical (dom) geno- genetic (rec)
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universal donor
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O |
universal acceptor
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AB |
autosomal dominance
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appears in every generation, most homozygous combos lethal
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This occurs due to a nondisjunction of chromosome 21, leaving 3 copies of this chromosome (trisomy 21)
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down sydnrome
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I have a MALE calico mouse but only females are supposed to be calico because they need 2 X chromosomes. What disorder does my mouse have?
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kleinfelters
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impacts connective tissue, organs, joints etc
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marfan syndrome
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allele/gene cause impact on multiple sites from one gene
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cystic fibrosis
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chromose 7 loses an end peice
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williams syndrome
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chromosome 5 loses an end peicce
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cri du chat syndrome
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turner syndrome
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short infertile women
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jacobs syndrome
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taller than average males
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DNA bases
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ATCG
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semiconservative replication
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half old half new
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4 enzymes in replication
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helicase, dna polymerse, primase, dna ligase
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codons |
61/34 triplets code for 20 amino acids, 3 stop codons: UAA UAG UGA
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adenyine
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thynaine
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cuatisine |
guanaine
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