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BIO 105: CELL
Plasma Membrane
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Flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Distinguished by having a membrane-enclosed nucleus, which houses most of its DNA
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Does not have membrane-enclosed nucleus, DNA is found in cytoplasm of cell (bacteria and archea)
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Chromosomes |
Carry genes made of DNA
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Ribosomes
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Tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
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Cytoplasm
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The interior of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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Flagella
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Long projections on some prokaryotic cells that help propel them through their environment
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Organelles
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"Little organs" which perform specific functions in the cell
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Organelles involved in carrying out genetic control of the cell
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Nucleus and ribosomes
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Organelles involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
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Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes
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Organelles involved in energy processing
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts (in plant cells)
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Organelles involved in structural support, movement, and communication between cells
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Cytoskeleton, plasma membran, and plant cell wall
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Cellular Metabolism
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Chemical activities of cells
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Nuclear Envelope
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Double membrane that encloses the nucleus
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Chromatin
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The complex of proteins and DNA inside the nucleus of a cell
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Nucleolus
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The site where a special type of RNA called ribosomal RNA is synthesized according to instructions from the DNA
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Transcription of protein-synthesizing instructions written in a gene's DNA
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Ribosomes
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The cellular components that use instructions sent from the nucleus to carry out protein synthesis
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Free Ribosomes
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Ribosomes found suspended in the fluid of the cytoplasm
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Bound Ribosomes
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Ribosomes that are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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Vesicles |
Sacs made of membrane, often used for transportation of materials within a cell
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Endomembrane System
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Includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Extensive memranous network continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Purposes
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Important in the synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Also important in storage of calcium ions in cells (which are source of muscle contractions)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Purposes
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Make more membrane for the cell, protein secretion
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Golgi Apparatus
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Serves as the "moleculare warehouse and finishing factory" for products manufactured by the ER
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Lysosome |
A membrananous sac of digestive enzymes in a cell
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Vacuoles
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Large vesicles that have a variety of functions - such as water storage in a plant cell (central __________)
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Peroxisomes
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Metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
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Mitochondria (singlular, mitochondrion)
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Organelles that carry out cellular respiration - converting sugars to ATP. Enclosed by double membrane, and an intermembrane space
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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Enclosed in the inner membrane, contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, as well as many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration
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Cristae |
Folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, increase surface area and enhance the ability to synthesize ATP
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Chloroplasts
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Photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes
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Stroma |
Thick fluid inside the inner membrane of chloroplast which contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes
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Granam (plural, grana)
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Thylakoids stacked together - chloroplast's "solar power packs"
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Thylakoids
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Sacs interconnected inside the chloroplast
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Endosymbiont Theory
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States that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of protein fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm of a cell
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Microfilaments (Actin Filimints)
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Solid rods composed mainly of globular proteins called actin, arranged in a twisted double chain
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Intermediate Filiments
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Made of various fibrous proteins that supercoil into thicker cables - reinforce cell shape and anchor certain organelle
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Microtubules
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Straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins
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