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Final Study Guide

Articles of Confederation
-          Written before the Constitution, drafted in 1777 during the Revolution. -          Very weak central government, very suspicious of concentrated power and had very little control. -          Treaty for mutual defense -          One-house congress -          No president & no judiciary.
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Shays' Rebellion
-          Debt ridden farmers led by Shays closed the courts to prevent the seizure of their land -          Acted in the “spirit of the Revolution.” -          Over 1,000 were arrested. -          This produced fears that democratic impulses were getting out of hand.
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The Constitution
-          Delegates from each state except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, 1787. -          Mostly elite citizens who sought to “curb the excesses of democracy.” -          Agreed that the new govt. would have national legislature, executive branch & judiciary. -          Compromised for a 2 house congress (one proportional, one even [2 from each state]) -          Signed by 39 delegates & sent to the states -          Federalists added a Bill of Rights -          Ratified in 1791 -          Did not include everyone, native Americans had no representation, the status of free blacks was unclear.
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Federalists & Anti-Federalists
-          The Federalists believed in limited democracy, also that common people could not be trusted with too much power. Government protected liberties, a division of power, checks & balances. People like Hamilton, Madison & Washington were Federalists -          The Anti-Federalists were opponents of the Constitution. Many small farmers who favored state debtor-relief laws. Feared a strong central government, would not have the interest of common people in mind. They feared the government would fall under the influence of business crooks rather than ordinary Americans. Only the wealthy could win elections in a Federalist government, and they also noted the lack of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.
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Slavery & the Constitution
-          This was the elephant in the room when they were discussion the new Constitution -          “Slave” and “Slavery” do not appear anywhere in the document. -          Delegates of the Constitutional convention included both slave holders & abolitionists -          3/5 Compromise for determining population: for every five slaves, they would count as three persons when determining government representation (house of representatives) and electoral college -          SC threatened disunion if slave trade was banned immediately, so this was a major reason why it was just left out of the Constitution.
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John Adams' Presidency
-          First and only Federalist president. -          Emergence of political parties: Federalists & The Jeffersonian Republicans -          Quasi war with France -          Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 o   Move to silence critics o   Deport foreigners from countries at war with US o   Expel any alien resident suspected of subversive activities o   Federal crime to utter or print anything against the government
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The War of 1812
-          After continual Impressment, and rumors of the British conspiring with the Indians against the US, Congress declared war in 1812. -          1814: British invades the US -          Seized Washington D.C. & burned down the White House -          1815: Heavy bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore (but failed to take the city) o   This is when Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” as he watched the battle take place. -          Andrew Jackson seized Pensacola in Spanish Florida -          The Battle of New Orleans devastated the British -          The Treaty of Ghent was signed in December of 1814 o   No territory exchanged hands o   Many believe that Jackson won the war o   Seen as a second war for Independence.
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Election of 1828
- Ran on limited government -  Established democratic party - Rise of the party machine o   Began campaigning immediately after election of 1824 o   Partisan papers - Elite vs. common man - War Hero - Resounding victory, carrying the South & West (Jackson played the fact that he was a war hero)
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Differences Among Whigs & Democrats
- Democrats o   Alarmed by class divisions & market revolution o   Small government o   Individual freedom & private morality o   Attracted poor farmers. - Whigs o   Federal government guide economy through taxes, additional banks & internal improvements. o   Strongest in Northeast o   Businessmen & bankers o   Morality of public concern.
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Nullification Crisis
- Despite Jackson’s promotion of a small govt, he backed the 1828 tariff which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods. - Opposition from the south who believed that this tax benefited the North while hurting the south. - Threats to nullify this act. - States restrained the right to prevent laws when those laws exceed the power of the fed. Government. - Daniel Webster called nullification illegal arguing that the people, not the states, created the Constitution. - Jackson persuaded Congress to enact a “force bill” authorizing him to use the army to collect taxes. - When tariff was reduced, SC backed down. But it did nullify the Force Act - This gave the south a well-developed political philosophy on secession
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The Bank Wars
- Jackson distrusted the national bank - Saw it as a tool of the rich, unconstitutional - Fought against the “monster bank” through the veto - First president to use the veto as a weapon (used 12 vetoes during his presidency) - Opponents called him “King Andrew”
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Impact of Western Expansion on Slavery
-          Western expansion divided the North & South -          By 1860 over 4 million had moved West -          Six new states: Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama and Maine -          Manifest Destiny: God-given right & mission to spread their civilization & free institutions -          The “deep south” would soon become the “Cotton Kingdom”
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
- Nat Turner was a slave preacher - Virginia, July 4, 1831 - From farm to farm assaulting whites. - 80 slaves joined / 60 whites killed - Put down pretty quickly by the militia - Last large-scale rebellion in southern history. - Sent shock waves through the South - “A Nat Turner might be in any family.” - Impact: banned blacks, slave or free, from being preachers. - Strengthened militias - Prohibited teaching slaves to read, for fear that they might rebel.
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True Woman & "Private Spheres"
-“True Woman”             - Always opposite of the “true man”             - Men were lustful, women were chaste and passionless             - The virtuous sexless woman was a sign of her higher moral status. - “Private Spheres”             - Men visited restaraunts, clubs and theaters.                         - Women kept to parlors & sewing rooms                         - Women looked on out windows on public events                         - Women who did go out were mostly prostitutes
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The Grimke Sisters
- Anti-slavery lectures before “mixed” audiences of men and women. - First abolitionists to promote women’s rights - Daughters of a wealthy slave owner - From Quakerism to militant abolitionism. - “Sex segregation” - “Women regard themselves and are regarded by men as pretty toys.”
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The Second Great Awakening
- Despite revolution & disestablishment, churches grew - 1795-1865 recurrent - Methodist circuit riders - America’s largest denomination by 1820 - Emphaiss on the free individual to work out salvation - Moral perfection - Formal training & worship seen as barriers to the Gospel
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Unitarians & Universalists
- Enlightenment ideas with Protestantism - In using same arguments of self-reliance, came to very different conclusions - Rejected miracles & The Trinity - Anti-emotionalism - Rejected original sin (people are inherently good or bad) - All going to heaven - Dominated Harvard University
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Transcendentalists
- Former Unitarians - Rejected rationalism - Transcendental experiences (some life experiences just don’t make sense) - Rejected materialism of urban life - Market life made men machine-like and dependent - Nature was our true companion - Truth in the individual.
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Shaker Community
o   Mother Ann Lee o   God’s dual nature o   Gender equality o   Celibate communism o   Convulsive dancing o   Grew through conversion & adoption o   5,000 members in 1840s o   Died out by the 1850s o   Focused on community
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Oneida Community
o   John Humphrey Noyes o   Belief in moral perfection (claimed it for himself) o   Abandoned private property & traditional marriage o   Convicted people of adultery o   Started their own community in Oneida, NY in 1848: lasted until 1881 when it died out. o   Complex marriages §  Consent §  Against exclusive attachments (everybody could fuck anybody they wanted)
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Philadelphia Riots of 1844
a.   Irish interrupt American Party meeting b.   Fighting in the streets c.   Nativist set arson to Irish homes while Irish fired from windows d.   Burned a convent & 3 churches e.   3 days of fighting in which police could not maintain control. f.    Broken up by militia g.   20+ causalities & 100 injuries
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California Gold Rush
§  California had a non-Indian population of less than 15,000 when the Mexican American war ended §  In 1848 gold was discovered in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains §  Gold mania spread throughout the world §  By 1850, San Francisco had 30,000 residents and was the world’s most diverse city §  A place of infinite opportunity, where you could start life anew
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Compromise of 1850
§  1850 California asked to be admitted to the Union as a free state §  Southerners opposed the measure §  Henry Clay offered a four-part bill as a compromise ·         California admitted as a free state ·         Fugitive slave law passed §  Calhoun rejected any compromise §  Fierce debate §  Millard Fillmore helped secure its passage
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Kansas-Nebraska Act & "Bleeding Kansas"
§  Kansas held election in 1854-1855 §  Hundreds of pro-slavery Missourians cast fraudulent ballots §  Settlers from free states established rival governments §  Sporadic civil war broke out, “Bleeding Kansas” (over 200 casualties) §  John Brown’s massacre §  After Charles Sumner (R) delivered anti-slavery speech, Preston Brooks (D) beat him with his cane
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Dred Scott Case
§  Scott sued for his freedom after living in Illinois and Wisconsin §  Could a black person be a citizen and thus sue? §  Did residence in a free state make Scott free? §  Could Congress prohibit slavery in a territory? §  Robert E. Taney answered “no” §  Declared Republican platform unconstitutional
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Rise of the Republican Party
§  Coalition of anti-slavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings §  Convinced northerners that the “slave power” was a worse threat than “popery” or immigration §  Appeal rested on “free labor” §  Platform: opposed the extension of slavery into the new territory (not abolitionists)
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John Brown's Raid
§  Armed assault on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA §  21 men, including 7 African Americans §  Hoped to spark a slave rebellion, but poor planning §  Captured and put on trial for treason §  Hanged December 1859 §  Impact ·         Hero in the North ·         Infuriated the South
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Election of 1860
§  Deep South rejects Douglas §  Supported John Breckinridge (D) who vowed to protect slavery §  John Bell: Constitutional Union Party ·         To preserve the Constitution (with slavery) and the Union (without fighting) §  Lincoln won by virtue of carrying the North
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Southern Secession
§  Months after the election seven states seceded §  From South Carolina to Texas §  Likened their movement to American independence §  Confederate States of America §  Adopted a constitution §  Chose Jefferson Davis as president Alexander Stephens chosen as VP
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North & South on the Eve of Civil War
a.   Attack on Ft. Sumter, April 12, 1861                                          i.    Unleashes patriotism in the North; 75,000 volunteers (90 days)                                         ii.    In South, Lincoln’s call for troops taken as naked aggression.                                       iii.    VA, NC, TN, AK secede from the Union                                       iv.    Both unprepared- No one expected war 1.   Few taxes 2.   Small or no armies                                        v.    Both fighting in the name of “liberty”
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The Battle at Gettysburg
a.   Despite decline of morale in the South, war’s outcome in doubt. b.   Union defeated at Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville c.   Lee planned an invasion of the North d.   Armies met at Gettysburg e.   After failing to dislodge Union forces, Confederates attacked the center of the Union line f.    Led by Major. Gen. George Pickett g.   Of the 14,000 men who advanced, fewer than half returned. h.   Same day Grant defeated the Confederacy at Vicksburg
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