Final Study Guide
31 Cards in this Set
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Articles of Confederation
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- Written before the Constitution, drafted in 1777 during the Revolution.
- Very weak central government, very suspicious of concentrated power and had very little control.
- Treaty for mutual defense
- One-house congress
- No president & n…
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Shays' Rebellion
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- Debt ridden farmers led by Shays closed the courts to prevent the seizure of their land
- Acted in the “spirit of the Revolution.”
- Over 1,000 were arrested.
- This produced fears that democratic impulses were getting out of hand.
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The Constitution
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- Delegates from each state except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, 1787.
- Mostly elite citizens who sought to “curb the excesses of democracy.”
- Agreed that the new govt. would have national legislature, executive branch & judiciary.
- Compromise…
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Federalists & Anti-Federalists
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- The Federalists believed in limited democracy, also that common people could not be trusted with too much power. Government protected liberties, a division of power, checks & balances. People like Hamilton, Madison & Washington were Federalists
- The Anti-Federalists …
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Slavery & the Constitution
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- This was the elephant in the room when they were discussion the new Constitution
- “Slave” and “Slavery” do not appear anywhere in the document.
- Delegates of the Constitutional convention included both slave holders & abolitionists
- 3/5 Compromi…
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John Adams' Presidency
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- First and only Federalist president.
- Emergence of political parties: Federalists & The Jeffersonian Republicans
- Quasi war with France
- Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
o Move to silence critics
o Deport foreigners from countries at war with…
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The War of 1812
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- After continual Impressment, and rumors of the British conspiring with the Indians against the US, Congress declared war in 1812.
- 1814: British invades the US
- Seized Washington D.C. & burned down the White House
- 1815: Heavy bombardment of For…
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Election of 1828
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- Ran on limited government
- Established democratic party
- Rise of the party machine
o Began campaigning immediately after election of 1824
o Partisan papers
- Elite vs. common man
- War Hero
- Resounding victory, carrying the South & West (Jackson played the fact that he wa…
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Differences Among Whigs & Democrats
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- Democrats
o Alarmed by class divisions & market revolution
o Small government
o Individual freedom & private morality
o Attracted poor farmers.
- Whigs
o Federal government guide economy through taxes, additional banks & internal improvements.
o Strongest in Northeast…
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Nullification Crisis
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- Despite Jackson’s promotion of a small govt, he backed the 1828 tariff which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods.
- Opposition from the south who believed that this tax benefited the North while hurting the south.
- Threats to nullify this act.
- States restrained the right t…
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The Bank Wars
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- Jackson distrusted the national bank
- Saw it as a tool of the rich, unconstitutional
- Fought against the “monster bank” through the veto
- First president to use the veto as a weapon (used 12 vetoes during his presidency)
- Opponents called him “King Andrew”
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Impact of Western Expansion on Slavery
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- Western expansion divided the North & South
- By 1860 over 4 million had moved West
- Six new states: Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama and Maine
- Manifest Destiny: God-given right & mission to spread their civilization & free inst…
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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- Nat Turner was a slave preacher
- Virginia, July 4, 1831
- From farm to farm assaulting whites.
- 80 slaves joined / 60 whites killed
- Put down pretty quickly by the militia
- Last large-scale rebellion in southern history.
- Sent shock waves through the South
- “A Nat Turner mi…
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True Woman & "Private Spheres"
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-“True Woman”
- Always opposite of the “true man”
- Men were lustful, women were chaste and passionless
- The virtuous sexless woman was a sign of her higher moral status.
- “Private Spheres”
- Men visited restaraunts, clubs and theater…
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The Grimke Sisters
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- Anti-slavery lectures before “mixed” audiences of men and women.
- First abolitionists to promote women’s rights
- Daughters of a wealthy slave owner
- From Quakerism to militant abolitionism.
- “Sex segregation”
- “Women regard themselves and are regarded by men as pretty toys.”
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The Second Great Awakening
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- Despite revolution & disestablishment, churches grew
- 1795-1865 recurrent
- Methodist circuit riders
- America’s largest denomination by 1820
- Emphaiss on the free individual to work out salvation
- Moral perfection
- Formal training & worship seen as barriers to the Gospel
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Unitarians & Universalists
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- Enlightenment ideas with Protestantism
- In using same arguments of self-reliance, came to very different conclusions
- Rejected miracles & The Trinity
- Anti-emotionalism
- Rejected original sin (people are inherently good or bad)
- All going to heaven
- Dominated Harvard Univers…
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Transcendentalists
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- Former Unitarians
- Rejected rationalism
- Transcendental experiences (some life experiences just don’t make sense)
- Rejected materialism of urban life
- Market life made men machine-like and dependent
- Nature was our true companion
- Truth in the individual.
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Shaker Community
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o Mother Ann Lee
o God’s dual nature
o Gender equality
o Celibate communism
o Convulsive dancing
o Grew through conversion & adoption
o 5,000 members in 1840s
o Died out by the 1850s
o Focused on community
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Oneida Community
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o John Humphrey Noyes
o Belief in moral perfection (claimed it for himself)
o Abandoned private property & traditional marriage
o Convicted people of adultery
o Started their own community in Oneida, NY in 1848: lasted until 1881 when it died out.
o Complex marriages
§ …
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Philadelphia Riots of 1844
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a. Irish interrupt American Party meeting
b. Fighting in the streets
c. Nativist set arson to Irish homes while Irish fired from windows
d. Burned a convent & 3 churches
e. 3 days of fighting in which police could not maintain control.
f. Broken up by militia
g. 20+ c…
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California Gold Rush
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§ California had a non-Indian population of less than 15,000 when the Mexican American war ended
§ In 1848 gold was discovered in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
§ Gold mania spread throughout the world
§ By 1850, San Francisco had 30,000 residents and was the world’s …
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Compromise of 1850
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§ 1850 California asked to be admitted to the Union as a free state
§ Southerners opposed the measure
§ Henry Clay offered a four-part bill as a compromise
· California admitted as a free state
· Fugitive slave law passed
§ Calhoun rejected any compromise
§ Fier…
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Kansas-Nebraska Act & "Bleeding Kansas"
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§ Kansas held election in 1854-1855
§ Hundreds of pro-slavery Missourians cast fraudulent ballots
§ Settlers from free states established rival governments
§ Sporadic civil war broke out, “Bleeding Kansas” (over 200 casualties)
§ John Brown’s massacre
§ After Charles Sumner (R)…
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Dred Scott Case
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§ Scott sued for his freedom after living in Illinois and Wisconsin
§ Could a black person be a citizen and thus sue?
§ Did residence in a free state make Scott free?
§ Could Congress prohibit slavery in a territory?
§ Robert E. Taney answered “no”
§ Declared Republican platfor…
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Rise of the Republican Party
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§ Coalition of anti-slavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings
§ Convinced northerners that the “slave power” was a worse threat than “popery” or immigration
§ Appeal rested on “free labor”
§ Platform: opposed the extension of slavery into the new territory …
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John Brown's Raid
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§ Armed assault on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA
§ 21 men, including 7 African Americans
§ Hoped to spark a slave rebellion, but poor planning
§ Captured and put on trial for treason
§ Hanged December 1859
§ Impact
· Hero in the North
· Infuriated th…
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Election of 1860
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§ Deep South rejects Douglas
§ Supported John Breckinridge (D) who vowed to protect slavery
§ John Bell: Constitutional Union Party
· To preserve the Constitution (with slavery) and the Union (without fighting)
§ Lincoln won by virtue of carrying the North
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Southern Secession
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§ Months after the election seven states seceded
§ From South Carolina to Texas
§ Likened their movement to American independence
§ Confederate States of America
§ Adopted a constitution
§ Chose Jefferson Davis as president
Alexander Stephens chosen as VP
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North & South on the Eve of Civil War
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a. Attack on Ft. Sumter, April 12, 1861
i. Unleashes patriotism in the North; 75,000 volunteers (90 days)
ii. In South, Lincoln’s call for troops taken as naked aggression.
…
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The Battle at Gettysburg
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a. Despite decline of morale in the South, war’s outcome in doubt.
b. Union defeated at Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville
c. Lee planned an invasion of the North
d. Armies met at Gettysburg
e. After failing to dislodge Union forces, Confederates attacked the center of the Un…
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Final Study Guide