45 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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where do earthquakes occur?
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plate boundaries
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what is an earthquake?
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vibration of the Earth caused by rapid release of energy
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what causes an earthquake?
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-Faults*
-volcanoes
-impact
-humans
-bomb explosions
-landslides
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Elastic Rebound
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1. stress applied
2. deformation-strain NRG accumulation
3. rocks break
4. releases stored energy-> seismic waves
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Focus
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origin of earthquake
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epicenter
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point above focus on earth's surface
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fault scarp
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cliff created by fault
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foreshock
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anything before an earthquake
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main shock
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biggest shock
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after shock
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anything after; length of time related to main shock
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P waves
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speed: 4 mi/sec
movement: push/pull waves/ travel through solids and liquids
we feel: sharp vertical jolt
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S waves
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speed:2 mi/sec
movement: side to side/cant travel through liquid only solid
we feel: side to side motion
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Surface Waves
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last one to arrive
lots of difft motion
MOST DESTRUCTIVE
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Seismograph
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instrument that records ground shaking
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seismometer
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an instrument used to detect very small movements in the groung
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seismogram
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records time of earthquake
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Magnitude
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quantitative size of an earthquake (amount of NRG released)
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Richter Scale
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1 seismogram- P & S wave arrival time difference and amplitude of greatest shaking
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Moment Magnitude
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size of fault
amount of slip
rock strength
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Highest magnitude EQ ever recorded
|
M 9.5 in Chile 1960
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Intensity
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qualitative size of an earthquake (amount of damage)
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Modified Mercalli Scale
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based on human data
intensity depends on where you are
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Factors controlling the intensity of ground shaking?
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distance from epicenter
ground composition (rock type)
depth of focus
magnitude
directivity of fault
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What hazards are associated with ground shaking?
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buildings falling
chimneys break
tsunami
landslide
liquefaction
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What types of building materials don’t do well in earthquakes? What materials tend to crumble?
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Brick
kitchens
non altered buildings
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What to do during an earthquake if you are inside?
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stay inside
Drop-Cover-Hold
outside of buildings are bad
kitchens are bad
in bed → pillows over head and neck, covers over body
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What to do during an earthquake when outside?
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stay outside
drop,cover, and hold
go somewhere open
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What to do during an earthquake if you are in a car?
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pull over and stop somewhere safe
stay in car
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-What room in the house is most dangerous?
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kitchen
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Liquefaction
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ground turns into quick sand-> unconsolidated wet sediments close frictional contact
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Landslides
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1964 Good Friday Alaska Earthquake (M 9.2)
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What causes flooding? Where does it happen?
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landslides into river
water main breaks
land surface/elevation change
dam failure
tsunami
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Example of a large flooding
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Quake Lake, China
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what causes fires?
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human stupidity
gas line breaks
oil leaks
electrical short
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Why do fires remain burning?
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flammable material
emergency services busy/ overwhelmed
water supply damaged
streets blocked
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Disease Outbreak -Why? What leads to this?
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Disease Outbreak -Why? What leads to this?
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tsunami causes
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volcanic eruptions
asteroid impacts ocean
landslides in ocean
megathrust eqs
subduction zones/vertical movement
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wave characteristics in deep ocean
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speed:450 mph
wavelength: 60 miles
amplitude: 3 ft
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wave characteristics shallow ocean
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speed:30 mph
wavelength:4 miles
amplitude: <100 ft
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what does a tsunami look like?
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more than one wave at different sizes
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how far do tsunamis travel in the ocean
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all around the world
depends on fault slips
depends on topography
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how far do tsunamis travel on land?
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depends on topography and size of tsunami
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warning signs and systems for tsunami
|
earthquake
rapid withdrawal of water
odd animal behavior
warning sirens
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what to do if tsunami is coming?
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get to higher ground
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Examples of tsunamis
|
2004 indian ocean tsunami (deadliest)
2011 Tohoku tsunami
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GLG 112: EXAM 1