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GLG 112: EXAM 1
Strong minerals are composed of elements that are bonded covalently. What is an example of a strong mineral?
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Diamond!
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Define mineral.
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a naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an ordered internal molecular structure with a definite chemical composition.
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What is a silicate tetrahedron composed of?
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It is composed of 1 Si (silicon) and 4 O (oxygen).
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Define cleavage.
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The way a mineral breaks. Not all minerals have cleavage.
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Define crystal form.
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Determined by internal arrangement of atoms.
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Define specific gravity.
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The density of a material compared with the density of water.
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What is the most common element that makes up earth's crust?
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Oxygen.
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Ocean crust is primarily composed of what rock?
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Basalt.
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How do extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks form?
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Extrusive = magma cools on earth's surface.
Intrusive = magma cools inside the earth.
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Define igneous rocks.
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Form from cooling magma.
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Define sedimentary rocks.
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Sedimentary rocks form from weathering of other rocks, transportation, deposition and lithification.
They record past depositional environments that existed on the earth.
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Define metamorphic rocks.
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Form from high temperatures and pressure.
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What happens during the physical weathering of a rock?
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The rock breaks down into smaller pieces.
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What is the most common type of rock around the NAU campus in Flagstaff?
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Limestone.
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In which type of rock can one find fossils?
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Sedimentary rocks.
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Define divergent plate boundaries.
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Occur when the plates move away from each other. Magma upwells at the center, causing it to spread and new crust to be created. The rust cools, sinks, and becomes more dense away from the spreading center.
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Define convergent plate boundaries.
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Plates move towards one another and the old crust is destroyed. 3 types: ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, continent-continent.
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Define transform plate boundaries.
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the plates slide past one another and the crust is neither created nor destroyed. Example: San Andreas Fault.
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A building will sustain the least damage if it is built on what foundation?
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Bedrock.
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What is an example of a continent-continent plate boundary?
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the Himalayan Mountains in Asia.
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What evidence is there for Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift?
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Fossils
Continents fit together like puzzles
Similar rock types
Glacial evidence (striations)
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What does NOT support his hypothesis?
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Magma upwells at mid-ocean spreading centers.
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Spreading centers are located at what type of plate boundary?
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Divergent.
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What is liquefaction?
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Water-saturation sediment liquefies due to shaking from an earthquake.
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Where is a hot spot the main cause of volcanic activity?
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Hawaii.
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What type of fault causes extension or thinning of crust?
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Normal fault.
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Where is the Arizona Earthquake Information Center (AEIC) located?
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Northern Arizona University.
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What is a seismometer?
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A machine that records seismic energy.
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What part of the earthquake does the Richter Scale describe?
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Magnitude |
Seismic waves have the most amount of amplification through what type of material?
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Mud and silt.
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How could one make an educated decision on how much shaking has occurred in a region?
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Amplitude of the seismic waves on the seismogram.
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What are the fastest seismic waves?
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Primary (P) waves.
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Which type of building structure would be most resistant to shaking and damage during an earthquake?
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Moment-resistant frames.
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Part of the double-decker freeway in Oakland, CA, collapsed during the World Series earthquake for what main reason?
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Seismic waves were amplified beneath hat portion of the freeway.
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What was the cause of the 2004 Indonesian tsunami?
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An earthquake to the west of Sumatra, Indonesia.
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The shaking intensity near the World Series earthquake was or wasn't greatest near and around the epicenter?
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Wasn't |
What quality of magma can determine how explosive a volcano will be?
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The amount of silica.
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When did Alfred Wegener propose his hypothesis of Continental Drift?
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BEFORE the 1960s... It just wasn't accepted until then.
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The earth's magnetic norther has or has not been aligned with geographic north throughout geologic history?
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Has not.
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What type of boundary is associated with a deep-ocean trench?
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Ocean-continent.
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Can you save and publish you own content with Google Earth?
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Yes.
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Are lithospheric plates defined by continental shorelines?
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No.
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What type of wave forms when primary and secondary waves combine?
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Surface (or body).
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What is the Arizona Earthquake Information Center? What type of data does it collect? What happens to that data?
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The AEIC records earthquake activity on a seismometer. It collects seismic wave activity that comes out on a seismogram. The information is sent to other areas for studying to see the effects "predict" earthquakes, etc.
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