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Final Study Guide
Physical Activity always involves |
the mind as well as the body. |
ABC of sport Psychology
|
A - affect
B - behavior
C - cognitions |
Behavior in physical activity |
why people behave differently from one another in physical activity |
Cognition in physical activity |
thought process of individuals influence and are influenced by their participation in physical activity |
Sport and exercise psychology focus on |
the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior in physical activity |
Career opportunities in sport & exercise psychology include |
university professors, performance enhancement specialists, fitness and health promotion specialists, and sports medicine consultants |
First goal of sport & exercise psychology |
understand the social-physiological factors that influence people's behavior and performance in physical activity. |
Second goal of sport & exercise psychology |
to understand the psychological effects derived from participation in physical activity |
Third goal of sport & exercise psychology |
to enhance the sport and exercise experience for those who participate in physical activity |
Sport and Exercise psychology was not recognized as a sub discipline in kinesiology until |
the 1960's |
Norman Triplett |
1898 studied the effects on the presence of other people on bicycling performance, results published 1905 |
Coleman Griffin |
professor at University of Illinois, first systematic examination of psychological aspects of sports 1919-1938 |
Psychology of Coaching & Psychology of Athletics |
1926 & 1928 published by Griffin |
Phillip Wrigley hired Griffin as sports psychologist for |
the 1938 Chicago Cubs |
Bruce Ogilvie |
San Jose State, personality in athletes & applied psychological interventions |
Dorothy Harris |
Penn State, systematic focus on women in sport |
First meeting of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) |
1965 |
first North American Society for the Psychology of Sport & Physical Activity (NASPSPA) |
1967 |
Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning & Sport Psychology |
founded 1969 |
Trends in 1980's sport psychology |
distinct subdiscipline, growth in research, and increased interest to applied sport psychology |
Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology |
(AAASP) 1986 |
1991 the AAASP implemented criteria for identifying minimum professional training standards |
for individuals to be certified to provide consulting services in Sports & Exercise psychology |
psychological inventories |
standardized measures of specific forms of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in people |
Biofeedback |
physiological measures used to asses the body's responses to stressors associated with physical activity |
Research methods in Sport & Exercise Psychology |
interviews, observation, physiological measures, biochemical measures, and content analysis |
successful athlete personality traits
|
more self-confident
use more effective strategies & coping mechanisms
efficient self-regulators
positively preoccupied with sport
highly determined and committed to excellence in their sport |
sport participation doesn't always build character |
sometimes it increases aggression |
motivation |
a complex set of internal amd external forces that influence individuals to behave in certain ways |
extrinsic motivation |
people engage in a certain behavior to gain some external reward from that participation |
intrinsic motivation |
engaging in behavior because you enjoy the process and gain satisfaction from participation |
all humans, regardless of their individual goals are motivated to feel |
competent and self-determining |
arousal |
a state of bodily energy or physical and mental readiness |
spectator effect |
negative when learning a skill, positive when very skilled. |
cohesion |
the tendency for groups to stick together and remain united in pursuing goals |
social loafing |
refers to a decrease in individual performance within groups, not a conscious process |
aggression |
behavior directed toward inflicting harm or injury on another person |
gender |
social and psychological characteristics and behaviors associated with being male or female |
a decrease of almost 50% of physical activity occurs |
between the ages of 6 and 16 |
successful physical activity programs for children emphasize |
fun, challenge, skill and fitness improvement, and social affiliation to match their participation movtives |
intervention techniques in sport and exercise science can |
increase exercise adherence, enhance sport performance, develop life skills, and ease career transitions and retirement from sport |
imagery |
a mental technique that programs the mind to respond as programmed, uses all senses to create or recreate an experience in the mind |
goal of physical relaxation |
to teach people how to control the responses of their automatic functions when faced with stressors in physical activity environments |
burnout |
feelings of mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion, negative moods and feelings, lack of accomplishment, disillusionment |
motor behavior |
how skills are learned and controlled, and how movement changes from birth through end of life |
specificity of practice |
practice conditions that are similar to actual game performance will benefit performance |
practice helps improve motor skills because |
the natural adaption of the brain and nervous system develop over time |
goals of motor behavior |
understand how motor skills are learned and understand how motor skills are controlled, understand how the learning and control over motor skills change in a lifetime |
Adam's 5 themes from early work in motor behavior that have persisted |
knowledge of results, distribution of practice, transfer of training, retention, and individual differences |
WWII era showed great interest in motor developments because |
the military needed to select and train pilots |
memory drum theory |
reaction time is slower for complex movements because those movements took more planning time |
Ruth Glassow, Larry Rarick, and Anna Espenschade |
how children acquire skills, how fundamental movement patterns are formed |
reaction time |
how quickly the movement begins after a signal |
novel learning tasks |
created for use in experiments so that no one had the advantage of practicing before. often very easy and made more difficult by use of blindfold |
kinematics |
location, velocity, acceleration |
motor learning |
an internal state that is relatively permanent; practice is required in order for it to occur, and it can be difficult to observe |
correct practice |
improve performance and supports learning |
augmented feedback |
enhances practice and thereby learning |
extrinsic feedback |
knowledge of results and knowledge of performance (KR, KP) feedback is information about the result of your activity from outside source |
intrinsic feedback |
information about performance that you obtain for yourself as a result of the movement |
5 Requirements for motor programs
|
specify muscles involved
select order of muscle involvement
determine forces of muscle contraction
specify relative timing and sequences of contractions
determine duration of contractions |
5 areas of motor control study
|
degrees of freedom - coordination
motor equivilency
serial order of movements
perceptual integration during movement
skill acquisition |
challenges produced by growth |
mechanical, adaptive, and absolute |
biomechanics |
the application of mechanical laws of physics and engineering to the motion, structure, and functioning of all living systems |
human movement biomechanics |
the study of structure and function of human beings using the principles and methods of engineering and physics |
human factors engineers |
design technology based on how people process information and respond to the information when performing a task |
first major goal of human movements biomechanics |
understand how people use and are affected by the fundamental principles of mechanical physics and engineering that explain how forces influence our structure and function |
second major goal of h.m.b |
apply theoretical understanding to improve performance and effectiveness or increase the safety and health of those body tissues affected by forces in physical activity. |
earliest biomechanic |
Aristotle |
Steindler's legacy |
coined term Biomechanics and gave it a definition |
Era of Contemporary biomechanics |
1960's - today |
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation |
AAHPER and the Kinesiology Section (now biomechanics academy) official recognition in 1965 |
Research Method Model for Biomechanics
|
1. Identify your question
2. state performance goals
3. Consider influencing factors
4. Understand motions and Mechanics
5. Determine relevant principles and movement techniques
6. Observe or measure
7. Assessment, evaluation, and interpretation |
External forces on physical activity |
fluid resistance, gravity, friction, and ground reaction forces |
ground reaction forces |
when force is applied to the ground, the ground applies equal and opposite force back |
compressive loading |
when forces act to pus together or compress an object |
run on milledge at 5 o'clock |
you probably won't get molested |
exercise physiology/exercise science |
a subdiscipline of the biophysical sphere, along with biomechanics of physical activity. |
Look at exercise in terms of 3 things
|
duration
intensity
frequency |
Probably don’t do much without a graduate degree. You need to know more than the minimum |
If you want to be king of the lab, you have to get your doctorate |
Background needed |
biology, anatomy, physiology. Not taken on the spur of the moment. If you’re not required to take it you wouldn’t take it. |
Exercise physiology subdivisions
|
Human performance
Muscle physiology
Health & Disease
Fitness of the elderly |
goals of exercise physiology
|
1. to understand how to enhance physical performance
2. to understand how to improve physical function in particular environments
3. understand how physical activity improves health and fitness
4. understand how exercise can be used in treating and preventing disease & alleviating symptoms
5. understand adaptations in human anatomy and physiology
August Krogh & A.V. Hill |
early contributors to exercise physiology |
August Krogh & A.V. Hill |
muscular strength |
maximal amount of force exerted by a muscle group |
muscular power |
product of force times speed of movement |
endurance |
the ability of a muscle to repeatedly exert force over a prolonged period |
Sport psychology is more a physical education interest |
Relates to psychology in the participation of sport |
Coleman Griffiths |
father of sports psychology, Advanced rapidly based on some of the things that he did |
Research in Exercise & Sports psychology |
Not particularly interested in knowing much about this. |
personality |
offensive linemen and defensive linemen have very different personalities |
immediate body response to exercise |
heart rate increase, respiratory increase |
long term response to exercise |
lower blood pressure, gain strength and endurance |
Clinical exercise physiology |
Dr. Duval just a different name for what used to be called adult fitness cardiac rehab |
gerontologist |
interest in fitness for the elderly |
exercise physiologist |
human performance |
nutrition and disease |
how does nutrition affect the body, how does it relate to health? How does exercise effect health |
physiologist |
pulmonary heart lung capacity |
what is the affect of heat on the human performance |
some of the best research on this topic was done long long ago in the desert and colder climates |
training device |
mile run: aerobic capacity, strength, endurance, lung capacity |
Does the mile run give us the same information that we get in the laboratory? |
Yes. Usually. It’s super easy to do the mile run test. Test is used in the natural environment. Right there in the field. Generally college students, relatively young adults in average shape with few physical problems. |
All diets are not created equal |
distance runners have different diets than sprinters. Distance needs slowly released energy, sprinters want instant energy |
theraputic exercise |
systematic and scientific application of exercise and movement experiences to develop or restore muscular strength, endurance, or flexability |
rehabilitation |
processes and treatments that restore skills or functions that were previously acquired but that have been lost because of injury, disease, or behavioral traits |
habilitation |
the processes and treatments leading to the acquisition of skill and functions that are normal and expected for an individual of a particular age and status |
sports medicine |
an aspect of therapeutic exercise that is exclusively dedicated to the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries |
prehabilitation |
occurs following the injury but before the surgery |
corporate fitness |
usually a gym at a corporate site, subsidized rates for employees, membership fees, group fitness programs and personal training. centered around customer service |
comercial fitness |
large chain gyms, usually with lots of equipment and group exercise studio, well known names, high usage & traffic, introductory fee and monthly contract, staff doesn't need degree or certification, selling memberships rather than personal attention |
American College of Sports Medicine |
(ACSM) certifications for exercise science, health fitness, & personal training |
National Strength and Conditioning Association |
(NCSA) top certifications training and coaching |
what is an athletic trainer? |
allied health care professional for the prevention, care, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries & illness, administrator of health care services for athletes - including coordination of sports medicine team |
sports medicine team |
physician, athletic trainer, nutritionist, massage therapist, emergency medical team, coaches, parents |
roles of an athletic trainer |
injury prevention, injury recognition, evaluation and immediate care, injury treatment & rehabilitation, health care & administration, professional development |