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Study Guide: Final Exam
moral majority |
Founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, sought to create a Christian America, partly by supporting political candidates. |
proposition 13 |
Started in California, initiated a roll back on property taxes and restricted future increases. |
proposition 13 |
made in response to the "taxpayer's revolt"; large cuts in public education were made as well as public services closing fire stations and libraries, ending or limiting menal health services and programs for the disabled. |
new right |
Throughout the 80s, the coalition of conservative Christians known as this campaigned against America’s secular culture |
new right |
allowed Christian Americans to express their beliefs, which often differed from mainstream society’s beliefs. The coalition was similar to the youth’s counterculture that occurred during the 1960s in the fact that the members of both groups created organizations to demonstrate their alternative views. it was supported by many Americans, although many disapproved of the coalition’s efforts |
sun belt |
Southern and southwestern states whose rapid economic development brought many new residents during the postwar years. |
sun belt |
Government actions after World War II - including tax breaks for oil companies, siting of military bases, and defense and aerospace contracts - were crucial to the region’s new prosperity. People were drawn to the booming economies of the warmer states, and the invention of air conditioning systems further sweetened the deal. The major cities of the regions marketed themselves as cosmopolitan and racially tolerant; they bought sports teams and built museums. The population and economic shift created disaster in northern and mid-west cities. New York was just barely saved from financial collapse, and Cleveland defaulted on its debts. |
pentagon papers |
47-volume U.S. government study from the end of WWII to the Vietnam War, and tracing U.S. involvement in the Southeast Asia. Released to the press by former Pentagon employee Daniel Ellsberg, they revealed military mistakes and a long history of White House lies to Congress, foreign leaders and the American people. |
pentagon papers |
Daniel Ellsberg, a former Pentagon employee in the National Security Council, published the this in 1971, shocking the nation with the information revealed. Nixon felt the publication endangered his presidency, and so he called for the formation of the “plumbers” to prevent further “leaks.” The release of the study, as well as Nixon’s severe paranoia, created cause for Nixon and his close advisers to preform a series of illegal acts to protect Nixon’s position. |
enemies list |
contained the names of hundreds of politicians, scholars, actors, etc., that Nixon found threatening to his presidency. |
enemies list |
Nixon felt that there were many people who were looking to take the position of president away from him. He kept the names of these people on a list, which was ever growing as his paranoia escalated. The names soon became targets for the Plumbers, who infiltrated private sectors of the listed people’s lives in order to gain information that would discredit and ruin them if revealed to the public. The scandals that were brought about by the list eventually led to Nixon’s resignation, but the public was forever affected by the outrageous lengths he went to to protect his job. |
dirty tricks |
President Nixon was not afraid to use this and presidential power against his enemies to obtain things he wanted, like re-erection. The term is often used with the details of the Watergate scandal. CREEP used its funds to cover up the dirty tricks that had been performed by its members or other members of the Nixon administration. Gathering false information to discredit enemies, using the strategy of “ratfucking”and the use of surveillance and bugging equipment are all considered part of President Nixon’s dirty tricks. This shook Americans’ trust in federal govt and prompted Congress to pass several bills aimed at restricting presidential power, including the War Powers Act.
had been performed by its members or other members of the Nixon administration. Gathering false information to discredit enemies, using the strategy of “ratfucking”and the use of surveillance and bugging equipment are all considered part of it. This shook Americans’ trust in federal govt and prompted Congress to pass several bills aimed at restricting presidential power, including the War Powers Act. |
dirty tricks |
were unethical and often illegal tactics used by President Nixon and his administration to destroy the effectiveness of his sperm and enemies |
the plumbers |
A secret group that bugged phones, infiltrated campaign staffs, and wrote anonymous letters falsely accusing Democratic candidates of sexual misconduct, were going to do more, but got caught. |
the plumbers |
During the 1972 presidential campaign, the Plumbers bugged phones, infiltrated campaign staffs, and wrote anonymous letters falsely accusing Democratic candidates of sexual misconduct. They were going back to plant more surveillance equipment a the Democratic National Committee offices when they were caught by the Washington DC police at the Watergate complex. The scandal was covered up - rather than resolved - by Nixon, and he had the CIA stop the FBI’s investigation. Nixon denied connection to the break-ins, but suspicions around him rose over the years until he resigned from presidency in 1974. The events surrounding the scandal forever shook the public’s trust in the government and its activities. |
creep |
This is the group known as Committee to Re-elect the President, who broke into the Watergate complex in Washington and tampered with the voting processes. |
creep |
was responsible for the break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex in 1972. However, the scandal went largely unnoticed at the time, and Nixon once again became president. However, strong-arm methods used to gain donations and hush witnesses left enough for two reporters at the Washington Post to follow, discovering a trail that lead straight to the White House. The Watergate Scandal was then unearthed, and true purpose revealed. The scandal played a large part in Nixon’s resignation two years later, and also added fuel to the fire beneath the antagonistic relationship between the presidency and the press. |
yippies |
The Youth International Party, whose members were commonly called this wasradically youth-oriented and counter cultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the 1960s. |
yippies |
The Youth International Party had chapters all over the United States and in other countries as well. held conferences throughout the 1960s and 70s, along with street protests to proclaim their alternative opinions about the nation’s government. The party is most famously known for pranking the political system and nominating a pig for their presidential candidate and allowing “Nobody” to run for president several years later. Jerry Rubin, leader of it, reflected the group’s support of counterculture ways of life, drug use and antiwar movement ideas |
timothy leary |
uttered the famous words “turn on, tune in, and drop out” on his radio broadcast show, encouraging his listeners to become one with their inner selves by taking drugs such as LSD. He was a head runner of the International Federation for Internal Freedom, which supported his ideals. believed in the development of the inner person rather than society as a whole, the freedom to be able to explore oneself through the use of drugs, not allowing education and careers inhibit happiness. |
timothy leary |
An ex-Harvard professor that experimented with LSD, both on himself and his grad students |
merry pranksters |
Ken Kesey became a well known and revered author after writing his first novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, which was inspired by his experience with experimental drugs and his time in a psychiatric ward. He was so inspired by his these escapades that he decided to share them with the rest of the nation. After banding together with a few friends, Kesey and his group drove across the country in a psychedelic school bus, passing out drugs and raising the question: “can you pass the acid test?” They were also responsible for the spread of a type of music called “acid rock,” which, along with trippy light and sound shows, helped enhance the odd sensations that came with taking acid. |
merry pranksters |
A group of acid trippers that toured the country in a rainbow-colored school bus, passing out drugs and blaring acid rock |
counter culture |
Youth movement that promoted drugs, free love and an alternative way of life opposing what it saw as the materialism and conformity of mainstream American society |
counter culture |
movement of the sixties brought about a new outlook on life that emphasized peace, love, and self discovery. The youth of the day felt disenchanted with “the establishment” and sought to break free from the constraints of the previous years. They did so by using psychedelic drugs and rejecting materialistic and consumeristic ideals, becoming “hippies.” Despite this, it depended heavily on purchasing the right clothes, music, and drugs, and therefore was a lifestyle that was limited to those who came from privileged backgrounds. |
kent state massacre |
The killing of four and wounding of eleven students here by National Guards men who fired into a crowd of students protesting the Vietnam war. |
kent state massacre |
Although a majority of Americans believed the original troop commitment to Vietnam was a mistake, they later supported Nixon’s claim that the Cambodia invasion would shorten the war. These people were angered by the protesters. Nevertheless, the tumult over the invasion reduced Nixon’s options on the war. Henceforth, solid majorities opposed any new missions for US ground troops in Southeast Asia.
- from lecture - students, clergy, etc began to question the war on a pragmatic level. the conflict and exercising of such extreme force on the students, who were obviously clean-cut, middle class individuals changed many american’s perceptions about who the anti-war protesters actually were. |
my lai |
South Vietnamese village and site of an intended search-and-destroy mission by U.S. soldiers that evolved into a brutal massacre of more than 300 unarmed civilians, including women and children; some were lined up in ditches and shot, with their village then burned down to the ground. |
my lai |
The slaughter of the innocent civilians garnered the public’s attention when an army photographer captured the horror in graphic pictures. Lieutenant William Calley, who was charged with overseeing the mission here, was convicted in court four years later. Though this atrocity was an extreme example, it highlighted the declining morale and discipline of troops in Vietnam. |
tet offensive |
On January 31, 1968, the first day of the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces struck South Vietnam, capturing provincial capitals |
tet offensive |
The attack was carefully planned, but eventually US and South Vietnamese units regained control, inflicting heavy casualties and devastating villages. Although the Tet Offensive was not the resounding battlefield victory its strategists sought, the heavy fighting called into question US military leaders’ predictions that the war would soon be won; the Vietcong and North Vietnamese demonstrated their ability to strike when and where they wished. It was with the advice of Clark Clifford, the new secretary of defense, and the knowledge that US resources were running low that Johnson made the decision to pull America from the war.
The war continued after that. It led to the end of Johnson’s presidency. |
gulf of tonkin resolution |
Gave the President authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” |
gulf of tonkin resolution |
was immediately put into place after U.S. destroyers came under attack twice in three days in the Gulf. By passing the resolution, Congress essentially surrendered its war-making powers to the executive branch. The affair at the here boosted President Johnson’s public approval ratings and removed Vietnam as a campaign issue for GOP presidential nominee Barry Goldwater. |
vietcong |
also known as the National Liberation Front, was a political organization and army in South Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War. |
vietcong |
The Ho Chi Minh was a key figure in the formation of the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People’s Army of Vietnam and the Vietcong during the Vietnam War. Ho led the Viet Minh independence movement before forming North Vietnam. He lost political power in 1955 and was replaced as prime minister. After the fall of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, the city was named Ho Chi Minh City in his honor |
ho chi minh |
was a key figure in the formation of the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People’s Army of Vietnam and the Vietcong during the Vietnam War. Ho led the Viet Minh independence movement before forming North Vietnam. He lost political power in 1955 and was replaced as prime minister. After the fall of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, the city was named Ho Chi Minh City in his honor |
ho chi minh |
A Vietnamese revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of north vietnam |
barry goldwater |
Arizona republican candidate that voted against 1964 Civil Rights bill and had the saying “In your heart you know he’s right”, this was taken by Johnson supporters and added “…far right” leading to a Johnson victory |
barry goldwater |
Like many conservatives, he believed that individual liberty, not equality, mattered most. He also believed that the United States needed a more powerful national military to fight communism; in his campaign speeches, hesuggested that the United States should use nuclear weapons against enemies. his campaign slogan, “In your heart you know he’s right” was turned against him by Lyndon Johnson supporters. |
war on poverty |
Americans living below the poverty line dropped from 20 percent to 13 percent. Among African Americans economic advancement was even more marked. But competition for federal largess was keen and the shortage of funds for the War on Poverty left many promises uniform unfulfilled. Especially after 1965 when the escalation of the Vietnam War siphoned funding away form domestic programs |
war on poverty |
LBJ campaign that focused on Education, Medicare and the environment to bring the poor into mainstream society by promoting greater opportunity through public works and training programs. |
great society |
President Johnson’s vision for America that attempted to utilize the federal government to alleviate poverty, end racial injustice, and improve the lives of all Americans. |
great society |
President Johnson believed the federal government must act to alleviate poverty, end racial injustice, and improve the lives of all Americans. A set of domestic social programs was implement by President Johnson in order to create his vision of it. Major spending programs were launched that addressed education, medical care, urban problems and transportation. Johnson’s vision of it was often compared to Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, but differed in the type of programs that were enacted. |
fannie lou hamer |
Vice Chair of the Mississippi Democratic Party.0 She attended the Democratic National Convention as such and led the walk out when the delegation was not seated. |
fannie lou hamer |
was instrumental in organizing the Mississippi Freedom Summer for the SNCC. She later became the vice chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and attended the Democratic National Convention in New Jersey in 1964. Her soft-spoken manner, humble beginnings and strong belief in the Bible righteousness of her cause gained her a reputation as an electrifying speaker and constant activist of civil rights. She registered voters. |
mississippi freedom democratic party |
Alternative to the white-only democratic party. Established by SNCC 1960s |
mississippi freedom democratic party |
was created by whites and blacks, with the assistance of the SNCC and the Council of Federated Organizations, to challenge the legitimacy of the white-only Democratic Party. African Americans had been denied the right to vote for years in Mississippi and were prevented from joining the U.S. Democratic Party. organized an alternative “Freedom Ballot” to take place at the same time as the official voting. The party hoped to replace the Democratic Party by winning the Mississippi seats and becoming the first de-segregated political party. The building of was a major thrust of the Freedom Summer project. |
sncc |
student nonviolent coordinating -
Civil rights organization founded by young people that played a key role in grassroots organizing in the south in the early 60s |
sncc |
created the organization in the spring of 1960 to coordinate the sit-in movement and were committed to nonviolence. As the years went on, these same young people would risk their lives in the struggle for social justice. The majority of them being students, the committee members were well educated and strove to be equal citizens |
diane nash |
was a leader and strategist of the student wing of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. |
diane nash |
campaigns were among the most successful of her era. Her efforts included the first successful civil rights campaign to desegregate lunch counters and the creation of the Freedom Riders, who desegregated interstate travel. her efforts also led to the founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which was committed to nonviolence. she influenced the Selma Voting Rights Movement Campaign, which resulted in African Americans getting to vote and earning political power throughout the South. |
student sit-in movement |
The preferred format of non-violence against racial injustice, demonstrated by SNCC. |
student sit-in movement |
was an integral part of the non-violent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that made up the Civil Rights Movement. African American students would often “sit-in” at lunch counters and diners to prove the point that they should be equal to whites and be allowed to eat lunch in the same establishments. Although they received harsh treatment from whites such as being covered in food and drinks and being burned by cigarettes, the black students refused to leave their seats. Their persistent behavior proved how badly they were willing to fight for their civil rights. |
jo ann gibson robinson |
President of the Women’s Political Council in Montgomery and was targeting discrimination on the buses. |
jo ann gibson robinson |
Following Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat, she stayed up all night producing 35,000 handbills calling for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. The one day boycott was scheduled to be the following Monday and was a huge success. The boycott was continued and the Montgomery Improvement Association was founded, with Dr. King as its president. became a member of the organization and served on the executive board. is known for being one of the women who started the Montgomery bus system boycott and is famous for standing up for her beliefs of civil rights and equality for all. |
march on washington movement 1940s |
As many industries refused to hire African Americans, A. Philip Randolph, proposed a march on Washington, D.C., to demand equal access to defense jobs. |
march on washington movement 1940s |
crucial because it put pressure on Truman
and Roosevelt to implement fair treatment and desegregation within the US Armed Forces. If African Americans civilly disobeyed then the US would be hurt on the war lines due to the amount of fighting they participated in. It brought to the forefront the theory of nonviolent civil disobedience and was the 1963 March on Washington was modeled after it. Roosevelt (fearful of race riots) offered in exchange for canceling the march, the president issue Executive order No. 8802. This executive order prohibited discrimination in war industries and government jobs. |
double "v" campaign |
Campaign hoped to persuade, embarrass, compel and shame our government and our nation into a more enlightened attitude toward a tenth of its people. |
double "v" campaign |
signaled how determined many African Americans were becoming in their fight for equality. No longer were they willing to accept inferiority in American society. So they developed a more political strategy, juxtaposing America’s role in fighting for equality abroad against the soviet union, but refused to adopt the ideology of equality domestically. In doing this they hoped to ridicule the government, forcing them to adopt equality domestically just as they had abroad. |
highlander folk school |
The school at which Rosa Parks was trained in civil disobedience tactics. |
highlander folk school |
Contrary to popular belief, civil rights activists were not all perfectly zen and patient human beings. In fact, they underwe nt rigorous training to learn how to react in situations in which violence was used against them. Because retaining a nonviolent image was vital to the civil rights movement, it was imperative that the activists were capable of resisting the urge to fight back when force was used against them. |
civil disobedience |
The idea taken from Gandhi, King wished to practice nonviolent civil disobedience as a vehicle to focus the nation’s attention on the immorality of Jim Crow. |
civil disobedience |
Using this as their main weapon, the Civil Rights activists were able to garner sympathy from Americans as law enforcement officials retaliated violently to their actions. The most famous examples include sit-ins at segregated restaurants and bars, and Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger when asked to move to the back. |
going steady |
A phenomenon that swept through the youth culture of the 1950s, in which a person would romantically involve his or herself with one other person, rather than dating many without commitment. |
going steady |
The youth of the 1950s saw it as safe and stable - two things they desperately wanted during the tumultuous and paranoid times. Adults, however, saw this as a sign that teenagers were lacking in determination, aspiration, drive, and a “go getter” attitude. Pre-World War II, dating was seen as a popularity contest in which the people who received the most attention were the most attractive, and therefore the most desirable. After the war, acts such as cutting in on the dance floor, which were once popular in the 20s, 30s, and 40s, was seen as an insult, and not settling down with a steady boyfriend or girlfriend was considered promiscuous. |
g.i. bill of rights |
Popular name for the Serviceman's Readjustment Act (1944), which sought to aid returning veterans—and maintain economic stability—by providing college tuition, job training, unemployment benefits, low-interest home and farm loans. |
g.i. bill of rights |
showed the nation’s gratitude to servicemen but also attempted to keep demobilized veterans from swamping the U.S. economy. The majority of veterans received unemployment benefits from the GI Bill, which was meant to stagger their entry into the job market. The GI Bill aided the federal government’s plan of demobilization during the war and fostered a new national middle-class culture. |
army-mccarthy hearings |
were nationally televised court hearings, held by a Senate subcommittee in 1954, where army counsel Joseph Welsh confronted Senator Joseph McCarthy and questioned his anticommunism motives, resulting in McCarthy’s downfall. |
army-mccarthy hearings |
led the Senate to vote to “condemn” McCarthy for sullying the dignity of the Senate. McCarthy’s crucial mistake was charging on television that the U.S. Army was shielding communists, citing the case of one army dentist. Senator McCarthy, apparently drunk, alternately ranted and slurred his words about communists in the U.S. State Department. The hearings led to McCarthy being discredited. |
joseph mccarthy |
Wisconsin senator who launched a massive public campaign against Communism, Soviet spies and the sympathizers that he claimed were inside the federal government (discredited). |
joseph mccarthy |
charged that the U.S. State Department was “thoroughly infested with Communists.” He claimed there were Communist sympathizers and supporters of Soviet spies inside the federal government, but he was later discredited. his downfall came in 1954 during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings, where he was confronted on national TV. His wild accusations and abusive treatment of witnesses disgusted millions of viewers |
mutually assured destructions |
In the 1950’s, as both the United States and the Soviet Union refined their nuclear capabilities, their ever-growing arsenals of nuclear weapons served as the major deterrent from turning the Cold War into an actual conflict. To prevent the use of nuclear weapons by one side, the deterrent was that the other side would be able to destroy the aggressor at the same time. There would be no winner. This strategy offered a nation a means to defend itself, but only if it were able to stay in step with the nuclear technology and arsenal of its adversary. The capability of each nation to destroy the other, almost simultaneously, served as the deterrent to war. |
mutually assured destructions |
(MAD) was a military strategy that envisioned the total destruction of two opposing nations with similar nuclear capabilities. |
nato |
north atlantic treat organization-
A mutual U.S. defense pact between the U.S. and 11 other nations—including Europe and Canada—promising to stand united in the face of military aggression, specifically by the Soviet Union. |
nato |
In response to the creation this, the Soviet Union tightened its grip on Eastern Europe by creating a separate government for East Germany, which became the German Democratic Republic. The Soviets also organized an economic association, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance(COM-ECON) in 1949, and a military alliance for Eastern Europe, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. The postwar division of Europe was nearly complete. |
berlin airlift |
American program to deliver food and supplies to the people of the blockaded city of Berlin, Germany. |
berlin airlift |
was put into effect in 1948 by President Truman, in hopes of the Soviets removing the blockade and freeing the people of the city. A year later, the blockade on the city of Berlin was lifted by the Soviets and East Germany was founded. The successful airlift may have saved Truman’s political career.It was important because it was a visible act of resistance made by America towards the Soviet Union . It ultimately was public humiliation of Stalin, which made it the major early crisis of the Cold War |
the marshall plan |
The Truman administration’s proposal for massive U.S.economic aid to speed the recovery of war-torn Europe. |
the marshall plan |
Launched in 1948, it sent $12.4 billion to western Europe until 1951. To stimulate business at home, the legislation required that Europeans spend this aid on American-made products. proved a mixed success; it caused inflation, failed to solve a balance-of-payments problem, took only tentative steps toward economic integration, and further divided Europe between “East” and “West”. But the program spurred impressive western European industrial production and investment, started the region toward self-sustaining economic growth, and – from the American perspective – contained communism. |
the truman doctrine |
led to the initiation of the containment policy in regards to communism, which was later utilized by presidents including Reagan much later in time. was designed to ensure that European Nations would not succumb to communist powers and later led to the creation of the Marshall Plan, which provided aid to European nations. The National Security Act was later created in which armed forces defended international invasion under the Department of Defense. |
the truman doctrine |
U.S. policy designed to prevent the spread of communism |
george kennan's "long telegram" |
as it was widely circulated, it fed a growing belief among US officials that only toughness would work with the soviets. he believed that US & SU couldn't coexist, that the soviets were unreasonable and driven by ideology, and that their gov't exerted a powerful grip over its people. he was convinced that "logic & force" and propaganda would be formidable weapons against the soviets and americans agreed. |
george kennan's "long telegram" |
A 5,500 word pessimistic telegram that heent to Washington after Stalin gave a speech depicting the world as threatened by capitalistic acquisitiveness. |
yalta conference |
allied leaders (great britain, soviet union, & united states) all sought to expand their influences across the weakened world, maintain the peace, & avoid massive debts like those that plagued europe after WWI. military positions during the conferece helped to shape the negotiations; the SU claimed a fair portion of easter european nations, leaving GB & US limited options within that region. the big 3 decided that germany would be divided into 4 zones, (last portion to france) and berlin would be divided as well. *** US tried to limit SU influece in post war world thus leading to confrontation & cold war. |
yalta conference |
A meeting between the Allied leaders Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in February 1945 at Yalta, a Crimean port on the Black Sea to plan the final stages of World War II and agree on the subsequent territorial division of Europe |
proxy wars |
after the british informed truman that they could no longer afford to assist anticommunists in greece, americans worried that soviet influence in greece threatened american and european interests in the eastern mediterranean and middle east. in the truman doctrine, truman requested large scale military and economic assistance for greece and turkey. this reversed the postwar trend to financial cuts in foreign spending and marked a new level of commitment to the emerging cold war. also led to the marshall plan, which contributed nearly $13 billion and military aid to europe |
proxy wars |
wars that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. |
rosie the riveter |
was propaganda that influenced over six million women to enter the labor force during World War Two. With more women in the workforce, factories were open seven days a week for 24 hours in the day. was the epitome of US Propaganda which led to a wave of war support on the home front, including rations and limiting imports.This woman, however, did not give an accurate portrayal of women’s duties during the war. Only 4.4% of women held “skilled” jobs such as riveting. |
rosie the riveter |
Symbol of the woman war worker; the bulging muscles represented her strength as she aided the nation’s war effort by taking jobs vacated by men who fought in the war. |
the new deal |
expanded the power of the Federal Government. forced businesses, farms, stock markets and other capitalistic entities to adhere to federal rules. created a negotiation with workers for wages, hours and working conditions. Both the West and South were transformed, and the South became skeptical of government intervention. |
the new deal |
Series of policies and programs proposed by FDR in attempt to combat the economic depression and provide economic stimulus |
wagner act |
was responsible for alienating business leaders from the New Deal. created the NLRB which mediated disputes amongst union workers and businesses, which halted probable strikes and court cases. led to militancy in labor movement, and began to divide craft and industrial unions. This is significant because now that unions were given federal protection, people were more confident in joining unions. Membership doubled between 1929 and 1938 |
wagner act |
Often known as the National Labors Relations Act, it guaranteed workers the federal right to bargain collectively and outlawed unfair labor practices. |
american liberty league |
was an organization created in the early 1930s made up of conservative democrats who opposed FDR’s New Deal Programs and liberal conservatives |
american liberty league |
was responsible for channeling funds to racist organizations in the south and raising the anti-integration sentiment amongst the southern public. it was the start of the Democratic party becoming conservatives, and for the Democratic and Republican parties switching political positions. it was amongst those opposed to the New Deal, along with demagogues and populists |
the "share our wealth" plan |
was a program proposed by Huey Long that was designed to provide a decent standard of living to all Americans by spreading the nation’s wealth among the people during the Great Depression |
the "share our wealth" plan |
Huey Long’s program led to the increase of government reform from the populists and demagogues. Senator Long proposed the introduction of minimum and maximum annual family income enforced by the government to solve the problem of mal-distribution of wealth in the United States. Later, it influenced the Works Progress Administration, which provided public jobs to the unemployed and the Social Security Act that launched retirement benefits for the elderly |
father coughlin |
led to the increased influence of the populist party, who felt that the government favored business over the people. Demagogues such as him urged to put more financial burdens on the wealthy and pushed for the redistribution of wealth. Later, he became a communist but his work along with the demagogues led to the rise in Labor Militancy and the creation of the Committee for Industrial Organization. |
father coughlin |
was a Roman Catholic Priest whose radio sermons spoke to 30 million listeners who felt they lost their lives to the control of the social elite. |
section 7a of the national industrial recovery act |
A part of the NIRA that guaranteed industrial workers the right to “organcollectively”, incollectively”, in other words, to unionize |
section 7a of the national industrial recovery act |
led to increased participation in the National Recovery Administration, by whom it was created. Later, the NIRA ended due to inefficient experience to defend workers against large monopolies.However, later in the second new deal, the Wagner Act ensured that workers could organize against “unfair labor practices”. The Congress of Industrial Organizations was also formed and several sit down strikes in order to gain union recognition. Although it did not prove totally effective, it did succeed in portraying unions as patriotic, which was a breakthrough for union workers. There was an obvious rise in unionization and the number of strikes |
first one hundred days |
given its name by journalists, focused on the creation of new governmental aid programs such as the NIRA and Agricultural Adjustment Act, and Civilian Conservation Corps. It further put focus on economic planning for the future. The first hundred days diverted immediate political crisis and created a divide between those who wanted social government intervention (The populist party) and those who didn’t. The first hundred days later led to the second new deal and progressive reform including the social security act and works progress administration. This period of time was also characterized by FDR’s fireside chats in which he took advantage of the radio to create calmness among Americans. During this time, the federal government took on dramatically new roles. |
first one hundred days |
This is the when Roosevelt, aided by his advisers, lawyers, university professors, and social workers collectively nicknamed the “Brain Trust” and by the capable First Lady, sought to revive the American economy. |
modern times 1936 |
The film was a source of much-needed comic relief during the economic depression of the 1930s. The ridiculous situations, overly-exaggerated characters, and simplistic charm all appealed to the masses who were struggling to get by and really needed a good laugh during difficult times. Viewers found they could relate to it due to the unsympathetic characterization of bosses, as well as the portrayal of harsh working conditions that reduced humans to parts of a machine. Underlying themes of the Great Depression - including unemployment, the stealing of food, and riots - were welcomed by movie goers as well. |
modern times 1936 |
A Charlie Chaplin film that many Americans found they related to, thanks to the portrayal of bosses, the average work day, and the struggles of the Great Depression. |
hoovervilles |
During the Great Depression, as the number of unemployed grew, so did the number of those who lost their homes. In desperation, many of the homeless flocked to urban areas, seeking public assistance for food and a chance to find employment. In many cities, the homeless congregated on vacant land, establishing shantytowns. The homeless used whatever building materials they could find to construct shelters. These shantytowns were named this making reference to President Hoover and the Republican party for their failures in bringing the American economy out of the depression. |
hoovervilles |
Neighborhoods made up of houses that were built with whatever materials that could be utilized by impoverished Americans in the midst of the presidency of Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression |
bonus army |
showed the depression’s impact on the Federal Government. It also influenced Hoover’s pre would not be re-elected. A bill was proposed stating that the government was scheduled to immediately pay 7bonuses to soldiers in 1945. In the summer of 1932, more than 15,000 unemployed WWI veterans and their families converged on the nation’s capital to ask for payments of cash bonuses that veterans were scheduled to receive in 1945. Concerned about the impact on the federal budget, President Hoover opposed the bonus bill, and the senate vetoed it down. Most of the veterans left Washington, but several thousands stayed. President sent in the U.S. army with four infantry companies, four troops of cavalry, a machine gun squadron. and six tanks on the veterans and their families to force them out. These led men and women chased by horsemen; children tear-gassed; shacks set afire. |
bonus army |
the group of unemployed veterans of WWI gathered in Washington D.C. to demand payment of theirveterans bonuses. |
the cold war |
(WWII-1991) a war of intelligence between the US&SU. where economic pressure, the race into space, the bomb race, espionage, and proxy wars were common |
the cold war |
first war to utilize atomic diplomacy, covert ops, & propaganda wiout military intervention to earn worldwide economic influence. led to challenges from 3rd wourld countries that relied on the US for economic stability. introduced nuclear weapons for the first time that were used to declare power in the space race |