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ZOL 141: Exam One (Chap. 1 - 4)
Hereditarianism |
Everything is due to genes that are received from parents. |
Macromolecules |
Large cellular polymers assembled by chemically linking monomers together. ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
Carbohydrates |
Macromolecules including sugars, glycogen, and straches composed of sugar monomers linked and cross-linked together. [structural components, energy sources, and molecular identity] |
Lipids |
A class of cellular macromolecules including fats and oils that are insoluble in water. [structural components, energy reserves, and hormones/vitamins. |
Proteins |
A class of cellular macromolecules composed of amino acid monomers linked together and folded into a 3-D shape. |
Nucleic Acids |
A class of cellular macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers linked together. [DNA and RNA] |
All cells have what? |
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, membranous organelles, and a membrane-bound nucleus. |
Function of plasma membrane? |
Separate the cell from external environment; controls exchange of material [gas, water, and small molecules may pass] |
Function of lipids in the membrane? |
Provide cell structure. |
Organelles |
Cytoplasmic structures that have a specialized function. |
Nucleus |
Round/oval body; surrounded by nuclear envelope. Genetic information necessary to control cell structure and function. |
Nucleolus |
Round/oval body in nucleus containing DNA and RNA. Produces ribosomes. |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
(ER) Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell. Smooth ER has no ribosomes, rough ER is studded with them. SER produces phospholipids and has many functions; RER is the site of protein synthesis for intra and extracellular use. |
Ribosomes |
Small particles found in cytoplasm; made of RNA and protein. Aids in production of proteins on RER and in ribosome complexes. |
Golgi Complex |
Series of flattened sacs and associated vacuoles. Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins. |
Secretory Vesicles |
Membrane bound vesicles containing proteins produced by the RER and repackaged by the Golgi complex; contain hormones or enzymes. Stores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm, awaiting a signal for release. |
Lysosome |
Membrane bound structure containing digestive enzymes. Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells. |
Mitochondria |
Round, oval, or elongated structures with a double membrane. Inner membrane is extensively folded. Completes breakdown of glucose. (ATP) |
Chromatin |
DNA and protein components of chromosomes; visible as threads in the nucleus. |
Interphase |
The period of time in the cell cycle between mitotic divisions. |
Mitosis |
Form of cell division that produces 2 cells, each of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
Cytokinesis |
The process of cytoplasmic division that accompanies cell division. |
What are the 3 stages of Interphase? |
G1 Stage (growth), S stage (synthesis), and G2 Stage (prep for division) |
Summary of Prophase? |
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles divide and migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell, and sprindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes. |
Summary of Metaphase? |
Chromosomes line-up on the midline of the dividing cell. |
Summary of Anaphase? |
Chromosomes begin to separate. |
Summary of Telophase? |
Chromosomes reach opposite poles, new nuclear envelope forms, and chromosomes decondense. |
What types of cells rarely go through the cell cycle? |
Cells that are a part of the nervous system. |
Hayflick Limit |
When cells in the lab undergo a specific number of divisions and then stop. [Embryos - 50 times, Adults - 10-30 times] |
What is Progeria? |
When 7 or 8 year olds look 70 or 80. Cause by decreased cell division because they are no longer controlled by genes. Typically die in teenage years by coronary artery disease. |
What is Werner Syndrome? |
Premature aging between 15 and 20 years old. Death by the age of 50. |
Meiosis |
The process of cell division during which one cycle of chromosomal replication is followed by 2 successive cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. |
Prophase I |
Chromosomes become visible, homologous chromosomes pair, and sister chromatids become apparent; recombination. |
Metaphase I |
Paired chromosomes align at cell equator. |
Telophase I |
Chromosomes uncoil, become dispersed. |
Cytokinesis |
Cytoplasm divides, forming 2 cells. |
Prophase II |
Chromosomes recoil and shorten. |
Metaphase II |
Unpaired chromosomes become aligned at cell equator. |
Anaphase II |
Centromeres separate; daughter chromosomes (were sister chromatid) pull apart. |
Telophase II |
Chromosomes uncoil; nuclear envelope reforms. |
Cytokinesis |
Cytoplasm divides, forming daughter cells |
Crossing Over |
The process in which chromosomes physically exchange parts. |
Spermatogonia |
Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce four haploid sperm of equal size |
Spermatids |
In the development of sperm cells, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to form 4 haploid cells |
Oogonia |
During fetal development these cells give rise to primary oocytes. |
Secondary Oocyte |
A haploid cell resulting from meiosis I in oogenesis, which will become an ovum after meiosis II |
Ovum |
A mature egg cell; becomes functional gamete. |
Polar Bodies |
Cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down; are not used in reproduction. |