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PSY 401: Exam 1
reasons to study history |
>coherent narrative
>context
>progress
>avoid pitfalls |
historiography |
method of studying history based on examination of relevant sources |
historicism |
objective analysis of the human past for its own sake |
presentism
|
interpretive study of past events
|
primary source
|
source that is written by the source of your inquiry
|
secondary source
|
source that is written about the source of your inquiry
|
internal history
|
detailed account of a discipline from the inside
|
external history
|
historical study from the outside
|
great person orientation
|
history shaped by ideas or actions of brilliant individuals
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zeitgeist orientation
|
history is shaped by broad impersonal forces (spirit of the times)
|
cyclical theory
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history is an endless process of repetition
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linear-progressive theory
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each generation builds upon the last
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chaos theory
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history is a series of random and unrelated events
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khun
|
paradigm shifts: elaboration on the meaning of normal science (psychoanalysis versus behaviorism)
|
popper
|
>inductive versus deductive
>falsifiability
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rationalism
|
>the source of all knowledge is reason
>a priori
>active mind
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empiricism
|
>knowledge is based on sensory experience
>a posteriori
>passive mind
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nature
|
heredity and genetic traits determine behavior
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nurture
|
environment is responsible for behavior
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reductionism
|
molecular study of behavior based on reduced simple parts
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holism
|
behavior and cognition should be studied as a whole
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monism
|
belief that one theory or approach can explain all psychological phenomena
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pluralism
|
belief in many explanations of behavior and cognition
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psychogeny
|
study of the development of the mind
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identity theory
|
a person's mind is endowed at a certain point and time
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emergentism
|
the mind emerges with the brain and changes with the brain
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mind body problem
|
relationship between the mind (cognition) and the body (physiology)
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materialism
|
the body is the only true reality
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idealism
|
the ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and is not physical
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epiphenomenalism
|
the mind is secondary phenomena arising from the body
|
interactionism
|
mind and body interact to cause a mutual event
|
parallelism
|
>mind and body both exist but on parallel planes
>occasionalism
>pre-established harmony
|
libertarian view
|
human actions vary as a function of one's own free will
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determinist view
|
all events are caused and governed by natural law
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indeterminist view
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some events aren't caused by natural law
|
fatalism
|
future is fixed irrespective of our attempts to change it (libet and soon experiments)
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greece
|
money, democracy, and diversity
|
themes
|
>natural: supernatural
>cosmology: study of the nature of the universe
>physis: primary substance of the universe
|
thales
|
>1st natural philosopher
>earth: floating saucer on the sea
>physis: water
>made philosophy practical
|
Anaximander
|
>physis: apeiron(formless matter)
>1st evolutionary theorist
>1st world map and sun dial
|
Pythagoras
|
>physis: numbers
>university
>coined the term philosophy: love and wisdom
>early rationalist: reason is greater than experience
>progressive
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Parmenides
|
>senses versus reason
>zeno of elea: paradoxes
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Democritus
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>physis: atoms
>atomism: all things are composed of tiny invisible parts
>reductionist and determinist
>early biopsychology
>brain: thinking
>heart: emotion
>liver: appetite
>sensation and perception
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Hippocrates
|
>founder of medical sciences
>body humors: blood(heart), phlegm(cold), black bile(dry), and yellow bile(wet)
>holistic
>health: humors in balance
>nature heals illness
>mental disorders: mania, melancholy, paranoia, and epilepsy
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