44 Cards in this Set
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reasons to study history
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>coherent narrative
>context
>progress
>avoid pitfalls
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historiography
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method of studying history based on examination of relevant sources
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historicism
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objective analysis of the human past for its own sake
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presentism
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interpretive study of past events
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primary source
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source that is written by the source of your inquiry
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secondary source
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source that is written about the source of your inquiry
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internal history
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detailed account of a discipline from the inside
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external history
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historical study from the outside
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great person orientation
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history shaped by ideas or actions of brilliant individuals
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zeitgeist orientation
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history is shaped by broad impersonal forces (spirit of the times)
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cyclical theory
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history is an endless process of repetition
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linear-progressive theory
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each generation builds upon the last
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chaos theory
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history is a series of random and unrelated events
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khun
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paradigm shifts: elaboration on the meaning of normal science (psychoanalysis versus behaviorism)
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popper
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>inductive versus deductive
>falsifiability
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rationalism
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>the source of all knowledge is reason
>a priori
>active mind
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empiricism
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>knowledge is based on sensory experience
>a posteriori
>passive mind
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nature
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heredity and genetic traits determine behavior
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nurture
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environment is responsible for behavior
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reductionism
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molecular study of behavior based on reduced simple parts
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holism
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behavior and cognition should be studied as a whole
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monism
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belief that one theory or approach can explain all psychological phenomena
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pluralism
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belief in many explanations of behavior and cognition
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psychogeny
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study of the development of the mind
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identity theory
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a person's mind is endowed at a certain point and time
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emergentism
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the mind emerges with the brain and changes with the brain
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mind body problem
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relationship between the mind (cognition) and the body (physiology)
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materialism
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the body is the only true reality
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idealism
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the ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and is not physical
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epiphenomenalism
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the mind is secondary phenomena arising from the body
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interactionism
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mind and body interact to cause a mutual event
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parallelism
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>mind and body both exist but on parallel planes
>occasionalism
>pre-established harmony
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libertarian view
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human actions vary as a function of one's own free will
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determinist view
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all events are caused and governed by natural law
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indeterminist view
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some events aren't caused by natural law
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fatalism
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future is fixed irrespective of our attempts to change it (libet and soon experiments)
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greece
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money, democracy, and diversity
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themes
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>natural: supernatural
>cosmology: study of the nature of the universe
>physis: primary substance of the universe
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thales
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>1st natural philosopher
>earth: floating saucer on the sea
>physis: water
>made philosophy practical
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Anaximander
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>physis: apeiron(formless matter)
>1st evolutionary theorist
>1st world map and sun dial
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Pythagoras
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>physis: numbers
>university
>coined the term philosophy: love and wisdom
>early rationalist: reason is greater than experience
>progressive
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Parmenides
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>senses versus reason
>zeno of elea: paradoxes
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Democritus
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>physis: atoms
>atomism: all things are composed of tiny invisible parts
>reductionist and determinist
>early biopsychology
>brain: thinking
>heart: emotion
>liver: appetite
>sensation and perception
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Hippocrates
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>founder of medical sciences
>body humors: blood(heart), phlegm(cold), black bile(dry), and yellow bile(wet)
>holistic
>health: humors in balance
>nature heals illness
>mental disorders: mania, melancholy, paranoia, and epilepsy
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PSY 401: EXAM 1