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PSY 111: EXAM 4
Nature Vs. Nurture
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nature=biological make up
nurture=environment
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Sensorimotor
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Mental activity consists of sensory functions such as seing and hearing
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Schemas |
Basic units of knowledge that organize the world
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Basic units of knowledge that organize the world
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Taking new information and incorporating them into new ideas
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Accommodation
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Changing your thoughts to accept new things in your environment
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Symbols
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Kids use symbols to represent absent objects
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Object permanence
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Recognizing that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
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Conservation
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Ability to realize that properties of a substance remain the same even though its shape may change
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Mere exposure theory
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people will respond better to familiar stimuli
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cognitive dissonance
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a state of tension produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior
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post decision dissonance
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After we have made a decision, we will feel dissonance regarding the possibility of it being wrong.
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Fundamental Attribution error
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The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes (personality, likes, and so forth).
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social facilitation
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stronger performance in the presence of others
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Social loafing
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reduction in effort by individual when they work in groups compared to by themselves
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What is actor-observer discrepancy?
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the tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes
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bystander effect
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people are less likely to help when in a group
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Risky Shift
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Greater willingness of a group than an individual to take substantial risk
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What is group polarization?
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the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members acting alone
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Groupthink
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a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty.
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Conformity |
Changing one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others
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compliance |
the mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments
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obedience
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following the commands of a person in authority
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Foot in the door Phenomena
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-tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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door in face
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ask for a large request, when they say no, ask for a smaller one
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lowballing
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a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs
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trait
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Each different form of a characteristic
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MMPI |
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; a questionnaire used to assess the degree and kind of a person's psychiatric personality traits
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Genuineness |
Being open with our feelings and dropping our pretenses and facades
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empathy
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therapist's attempt to appreciate and understand how the world looks from the client's point of view
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unconditional positive regard
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a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, believed by Rogers to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self acceptance
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Active Listening
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Paying close attention to what someone is saying and communicating.
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Internal locus of control
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the belief that success depends on one's own efforts
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External Locus of Control
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A belief that reinforcement is under the control of other people, fate, or luck
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Modeling
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Behaviors that are learned or copied from real or symbolic models
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Bandura's "Bobo" Doll Study
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a demonstration that was done by adults and children punching, hitting, and kicking a large Bobo. Later in the experiment it showed a great frequency of the same behavior of the adults by the children.
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Oedipus vs Electra complexes
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a demonstration that was done by adults and children punching, hitting, and kicking a large Bobo. Later in the experiment it showed a great frequency of the same behavior of the adults by the children.
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Penis Envy
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`According to Freud, during the phallic period, the young girl is envious of the protruding sex organ of her father. Freud argues that the young girl holds her mother responsible for her own "castrated condition."
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identification |
the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values
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Projective Tests
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They ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject's needs, feelings, and personality traits.
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