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PSY 111: EXAM 2
Two main parts of nervous system
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
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Central Nervous System (what does it do)
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Processes information for us
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Peripheral Nervous System (two divisions and function)
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The PNS receives the input and provides an output
1. Somatic nervous system- Controls senses and muscles
2. Autonomic Nervous system- Controls automatic functions such as breathing and HR
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Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system
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Sympathetic NS- Increases HR, BP, by releasing adrenaline. Slows digestion
Parasympathetic NS- Conserves energy for us, decreases HR, BP, and respiration but increases digestion
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Parts of neurons (7 parts)
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Soma- contains nucleus
Dendrites- Receive signals and carry to soma
Axons- Fiber extending from soma, carries signals to terminal branches to be sent
Myelin Sheath- Fatty substance covers axons, speeds conduction
Terminal Branches- Ends of axons where vesicles are located, where other neurons can "talk" with other neurons
Vesicles- Sacs filled with neurotransmitters. synapse-gaps
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How does a neuron fire
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Resting neuron is polarized with electrical charge on inside, a change in electrochemical potential makes the neuron fire. (Ion channels allow for changes in electrical balance)
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EPSP/IPSP
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Epsp-tells neurons to fire
Ipsp- tells neurons to not fire
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4 lobes
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frontal- thinking
temporal- hearing
parietal- movement
occipital- vision
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4 major structures of hindbrain
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cerebellum-coordination
medulla oblongata-heart rate, BP
reticular formation- arousal
Locus Cereleus- attention/vigilance
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2 structures of midbrain
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substantia nigra- fine motor skills
nucleus accumbens- reward/reinforcement
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4 structures of forebrain
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thalamus- relays sensory info for processing in cortex
hypothalamus- fight/flight, sex drive
Hippocampus- memory
amygdala- anger/aggression
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6 Neurotransmitters
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acetylecholine- memory
Norepinepherine- arousal
serotonin- sleep
dopamine-mood
gaba- inhibitory NT, anxiety
endorphins- pain/euphoria
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Refractory period
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after a neuron fires, no amount of stimulation will get it to fire again
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Action potential
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"firing" change in electrochemical potential
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corpus collosum
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connects left and right hemispheres of brain
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3 levels of consciousness
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Conscious- what youre aware of at any given moment
non-conscious- things totally removed from consciousness (digestion)
unconscious- made up of preconscious(stored memories) and sub conscious (inaccessible, priming)
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6 stages of sleep
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0-relaxed eyes closed (alpha waves)
1-irregular awake waves (theta)
2-sleep spindles/k-complexes
3-delta waves begin
4- more than half delta waves
5 (rem)- active sleep
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3 theories of dreaming
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consolidation theory- dreams consolidate personal significance
fulfillment theory- freud, dream to satisfy unconscious urges
activation-synthesis theory- dreams are meaningless, brain is trying to make sense of random neural firing
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3 theories of hypnosis
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State theory- hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness
Role Theory- consciousness is not altered, just compliant
Dissociation theory-Hypnosis DOES create an altered state, due to a desire to play the“role”
Agree to “share control” with the hypnotist for a while
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Drugs effects based on 3 things
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1. what NT system the drug affects
2. what that nt system does
3. how the drug interactions with the reception
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4 classes of drugs/examples
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depressants- decrease activity, alcohol, sleeping pills
stimulants- increase CNS activity, cocaine
opiates- relieve pain, endorphin agonists. opium.
psychedelics- alter perception, marijuana lsd
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drug- definition
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any compound that can change a biological system
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EEG- electroencephalogram
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measures brain waves
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agonist
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increases excitability of neurons
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antagonist
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decreases excitability of neurons
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circadian rhythm
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our "daily cycle"
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2 requirements for sensation
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1. way of acquiring energy (eyes, nose)
2. Transduction- process of converting energy into neural activity
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2 kinds of coding
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temporal- controls firing rate of neurons (timing)
spatial- where in the brain that neurons will fire (visual stimulus=occipital lobe)
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What kind of energy is light?
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electromagnetic radiation
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Visual pathway (route of light)
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photoreceptors- ganglion cells- optic nerve- optic chiasm-optic tract- lgn of the thalamus-primary visual cortex
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Where does visual transduction take place?
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at receptors- cells specialized to detect energy in different forms
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2 kinds of photoreceptors
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rods- night vision
cones- color vision
(these contain photopigments-chemicals that break apart when light hits them)
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path of light through the eye
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cornea-pupil-lens-retina
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2 theories of color vision
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trichromatic theory- uses red, blue, green to create all colors
opponent-process theory- explains negative after-images. stimulating the center causes 1 color, surrounds the other color
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why are some people colorblind?
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the person produces only 1 or 2 of the three cones (iodopsin)
red-green colorblind=2 cones
grey colorblind=1 cone
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senses-definition
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translate information from environment into something the brain can understand (neural activity)
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Transduction
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the process of converting energy into neural activity
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Coding
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receptors transduce energy and code it into a pattern of neural activity
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Accommodation
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- ability to change the shape of the lens
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Sensation
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feeling of energy through sense organs (heat, light, sound)
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Ganglion cells
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extension of the brain, they have center-surround receptive fields. some fire when center is more stimulated, some fire when surround is more stimulated, allows us to see colors and edges
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Adaptation
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when receptors no longer respond to stimuli
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What is perception?
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the process of interpreting sensations so they become meaningful
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How is perception different from sensation
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perception is literally how we respond to a sensation.
sensation is as a result of physical energy, perception is our psychological experience of it
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What does psychophysics try to explain?
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it describes the relationship between physical energy in the environment and our psychological experience of it
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What is absolute threshold and how does it relate to perception?
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the absolute threshold is the minimum amount of energy we need to register a stimulus, if the energy is not at the absolute threshold we wont notice it.
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What is the just noticeable difference and what does it attempt to describe?
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jnd is the smallest detectable change in a stimulus.
ex.
soft sounds need only small change to seem twice asloud, but a Rockconcert needs LOTS of change to seem twice as loud
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Depth perception
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ability to see distance
due to: 1. stimulus cues (monocular depth cues) 2. cues from the visual system (binocular depth cues)
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