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PSYCH 280: EXAM 2
Reasons Generated Attitude Change
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Attitude Change resulting from thinking about reasons for one's attitude
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Self Perception Theory
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When attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our own behavior.
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Over justification Effect
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Tendency for people to attribute their behavior to extrinsic reasons, underestimating how intrinsic it is.
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Two Factor Theory of Emotion
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emotional experience comes from first experiencing physiological arousal and then seek appropriate explanation for it.
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Development of Social Self
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Culture
Roles
Success and Failure Experiences
Other people's judgements
Social Comparison
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Fixed Mindset
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idea that we have a set amount of ability that cannot change
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Growth Mindset
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Abilities our malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
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Social Comparison Theory
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We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others
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Social Tuning
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People adopt another person's attitude
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Self Regulatory resource model
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Use energy to exert self-control. (makes us lose energy so we have less energy to do another task)
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Schema
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"Mind program" that stores, organizes, and retrieves the concepts. (Social Information)
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Concepts
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content that determines what we feel and believe about ourself
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Self - reference effect (function of self)
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Remember things related to our own self
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Central self guide
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What we tend to care about
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Pervasive/omnipresent self guide
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Always there, can't escape
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Motivated Self guide
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Not objectively motivated
We are egocentric
Associate self with good, distance ourselves from bad.
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Automatic Self guide
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All these are background processes Cocktail Party Effect
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Barnum Effect
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Uniqueness relative to someone else
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Illusion of transparency
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Overestimate the extent to which others can read thoughts and feelings.
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Spotlight Effect
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Overestimation of impact of one's absence
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Heider's POX Theory
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Triangle must equal out to be positive or we don't like it and may try to change it
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Ingratiation
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People flatter or praise to get someone else to like them. (Ass kissing)
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Behavioral Self-Handicapping
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Act in ways that reduce likelihood of succeeding at task
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Reported Self-Handicapping
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Devising ready-made excuses in case of failure
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Terror Management Theory
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Self-Esteem acts as a buffer to protect us from thoughts of death and our morality
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Cognitive Dissonance
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discomfort caused by an action that does not align with one's self concept
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Self-Affirmation
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reducing Dissonance by reminding one's self of positive attributes
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Justification of Effort
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Individuals increase liking for something they've worked hard to attain.
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Insufficient Punishment
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Lack external justification for doing something they desire so Internal justification raised and less value for behavior
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Hypocrisy Induction
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arousal of dissonance by making statements counter to actual behavior. Makes them do more stated behavior because of felt inconsistency.
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Central Route to Persuasion
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If people have ability and motivation to pay attention, arguments should be factually compelling
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Peripheral Route to Persuasion
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If people do not have ability or motivation to pay attention, attributes of speaker and length of communication is compelling
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Need for cognition
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Personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effort full cognitive activities
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Fear-Arousing Communication
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Persuasive communication that attempts to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears
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Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion
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Persuasive Communication can cause attitude change by systematic processing of merits of arguments or using heuristics
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To change attitude that's cognitively based use _________.
If affectively based use ________.
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rational arguments
emotional appeal
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Make people immune to attempts to change attitudes by.....
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exposing then to.small arguments against their position so they can come up with rebuttals.
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When people's freedom to act a certain way or do certain things is threatened and unpleasant reactance is aroused
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They reduce feeling by doing threatens behavior
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People's intentions are best predictors of behavior determined by
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Attitude toward behavior
Subjective Norms
Perceived Behavioral Control
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Problems with Acquistion
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Poor viewing Conditons
People see what they expect
Focus on weapons
Own - race bias
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Problems with Storage
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Misleading Questions
Source monitoring errors ( get info mixed up with other info)
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Problems with Retrieval
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Best guess I.D. in line up
Writing down description is not helpful
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Source monitoring
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Misleading Questions can confuse sources of information
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How quick should the response of an eyewitness be when examining possible suspects?
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15 seconds or less
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