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Alternative Use Test
Come up with as many uses for an Item. Scored on: Originality, flexibility, Fluency, and Elaboration
Effective Brain Storming
Bring as many items to session because fewer and fewer ideas are produced with time
Divergent Thinking and the Big 5
Calm Setting: Divergent thinking is related to E and O Stressful setting: Divergent thinking is related to E and O, and negatively related to N
DSM5 Revision Principles
Clinical Utility Revisions based on research Clarify boundaries between mental disorders Consider "cross-cuttting symptoms Clarify the boundaries between mental disorder and normal psychological functioning
DSM5 Controversies
To many ties to Pharmaceutical Industry Dimensional Models Addictions: cannabis withdrawal and Behavioral addictions Removal of gender identify disorder Autism spectrum disorder Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder General loosening of Diagnostic criteria
DSM4 Issues
Not current with latest science Problematic disorder boundaries Comorbidites Some disorder have especially poor research literature and justification
Personality Disorder Prototypes
Assess the degree to which a persons symptoms match a disorder prototype Acknowledge the complexity of diagnosis, the overlap of categories and the heterogeneity with in categories
Personality Disorders and the Big 5
Neuroticism is high in most Personality Disorders Schizoid only relates to low Extraversion and low Openness
Dimensional Models of Personality Disorders
Goal: Identify a set of dimensions that can describe the entire range of personality, normal and abnormal Difficulties: Hard diagnoses, high comorbidity, and diagnoses can be unstable
Personality Disorder defined
Persistant patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviors beyond the normal range of psychological variation and impairs a person's educational, occupational, and interpersonal functioning
Characteristics of Personality Disorders
Begin at an early age Stable over time Pervasive Inflexible Interpersonal Ego-syntonic: Symptoms are seen as normal to the person, and think others are the ones with problems
Cluster A of PD
Odd and eccentric patterns of thinking Schizotypal Schizoid Paranoid
Cluster B of PD
Impulsive and erratic patterns of behavior Histrionic Narcissistic Anti-Social Borderline
Cluster C of PD
Anxious and Avoidant emotional styles Dependent Avoidant Obsesive-Compulsive
Motivation
Drives people into action directed toward satisfaction of needs and desires
Nomothetic Goals
Goals common across all people
McClelland's 3 Primary Motivations
Need for affiliation Need for power Need for achievement
Intrinsic motivation and the Big 5
Intrinsic motivation is positively correlated to openness and Conscientiousness
Motivation is where in the system set
In the Energy Lattice
Happiness and Money
Someone who gains money when they don't have any is happier than someone who gains money that started with money
Emotion Defined
A set of mental and physical procedures know as Embodied Cognitions
Emotions and the Big 5 correlations
Extraversion is positively related to positive emotions Neuroticism is positively related to negative emotions
Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale
Used to measure; Joy, Pride, Contentment, Love, Compassion, Amusement, and Awe
Emotional Intelligence
Accuracy in perceiving emotions of oneself and others Controlling and regulating one's own emotions Related with emotional expressiveness, quality of personal relationship and level of optimism
Power Posing
Standing in a power position makes your body produce more testosterone and less cortisol
Benign Violation Theory
Things are only funny is a situation... Appraised as a violation Appraised as benign and those appraisals occure
Humor Styles
Affiliative Self-Enhancing Aggressive Self-Defeating
Affiliative Humor
Non-hostile and intended to amuse others
Self-Enhancing Humor
Amusements in lies hardships and in congruencies, maintaining a humorous outlook on adversity
Aggressive Humor
Humor that entails sarcasm and put-down
Self-Defeating Humor
Humor at one's own expense to gain approval
Correlates of Humor and the Big 5
Affiliative: + to E and O Self-Enhancing: + to E, O, and A, - to N Aggressive: - to N, + to A and C Self-Defeating: + to N, - to A and C
Violations of the Benign Violation Theory
Threats to physical well being Threats to psychological well being Behaviors that break: social norm, cultural norms...
Benign of the Benign Violation Theory
Psychological Distance: Humor is tragedy plus time Alternative explanations: play fighting and puns
Object Relations Theory
We relate to other via the images we have of them in out minds
4 Principles of Object Relation Theory
Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration or pleasure and pain The mix of love and hate Distinction between the love object and the whole person The psyche is aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings
Psychic Determinism
Free will and random accidents do not exist, and contradictions of thoughts and behaviors can be resolved----> leads to the idea of the unconscious
Why Study Freud???
He focused on ideas underemphasized elsewhere Influenced modern conceptions of the mind Influenced on the practice of psychotherapy First full therapy of personality
Construals
A persons particular experience and interpretation of the world
Self-Actualization
People have one basic tendency: to actualize, maintain and enhance their own experience
Self-Transendence
Desire to go beyond the ordinary level of consciousness and experience oneness with the greater whole
Role Construct Repertory Test
Identify three important people and how two of them are similar and different from the third. Do this for ideas, traits...etc.
Personal Constructs
Personality is not based on traits but on personal Construals
Maximizers
"Get as much as one possibly can" Are prone to perfectionism, depression, and regret but achieve more conventional success
Satisficers
"Good Enough" Are happier, more optimistic, and have higher life satisfaction, but lower earnings
Existentialism
"What is the meaning of life" Purpose is to regain contact with the experience of being alive and aware
Thrown-ness
The time, place and circumstances you happened to be born into
Angst
The unpleasant feeling caused by questioning the meaning of life and how one should spend one's time
Existentialism's Moral Imperative
Face throw-ness and angst directly and seek purpose for existence in spite of these
Bad Faith
Ignoring the existential questions and ignoring our moral imperative
Authentic Existence
Coming to terms with existence, being honest, insightful, and morally correct
Flow
Tremendous concentration, total lack of distractibility, and thoughts only concerning the activity at hand
Plomin and Buss' Temperaments
Emotionality and Impassiveness Sociability and Detachment Activity and Lethargy
Rothbart's Temperament
Approach/Surgency Avoidance/Negative Affect Effortful Control
Berkley Puppet Interview Goal
Promote a fluid an unselfconscious dialogue between a child and the puppets
Berkley Puppet Interview Results
Found evidence for the Big 5 in children Some stability but lots of changes in A, O, and C.
Intraindividual Differences
How each individual changes over time
Ipsative Differences
How the salience of attributes changes with individuals over time
Mean level Consistency
Looks at whether groups of people increase or decrease on trait dimensions over time
Rank order Consistency
relative placement of individuals within a group. Do groups of people retain ordering on trait dimensions over time?
Big 5 in Children
Children have shown all big 5 traits
Implicit Association Test (Theory)
Theory: People who implicitly or nonconsiously, know they have a certain trait will respond faster when that trait is paired with "me"
Object Tests
Personality tests that consists of a list of questions to be answered by the subject as true or false or on a numeric scale
Integrity tests
Different for honest vs. dishonest people
Accuracy of Personality Judgements
High consensus of Facial Judgements for Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and openness
Cues for accurate Personality Judgement and the Big 5
Extraversion: Smiling, Firm handshake, Fashionable dress, loud voice, Conscientiousness: Neatness and formality of dress, slow body movements Openness: Smiling Neuroticism: Slow body movement, fixing hair and clothes Agreeableness: smiling

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