52 Cards in this Set
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what is resilience?
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ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. the factors of resilience: personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside of the family, and community resources and opportunites
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what are the three basic issues in development?
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continuous v discontinuous, one course v many course, nature v nurture
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what is a mesosystem?
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2 microsystems in interaction
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what is an exosystem?
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social settings that you are not directly involved in but still affects you
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what is a macrosystem?
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cultural values, customs, and ideals
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what is a chronosystem?
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when things happen, it will affect you differently. time is a factor. (ie parents death will affect you differently whether youre 6 or 300
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What is systematic observation?
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The structured observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting. Involves systematic recording of quantifiable observations. There are naturalistic observation and structured obeservation.
EX: Cell phone use and reaction time
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what are self reports?
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there are clinical interviews (flexible, more conversational) and structured interviews(everyone is asked same thing in same way).
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what is a clinical/case study?
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gathering a wide range of information on one person (interviews, test scores, and observations)
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what is ethnography?
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descriptive, qualitative approach, the goal is to understand a culture or social group
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what is the difference between correlational and experimental research design?
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correlational reveals relationships between variables and it does not reveal cause and effect. experimental allows cause and effect statements but the lab experiments may not apply in the real world.
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what is a cross sectional research design?
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different groups being studied at the same time
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what is longitudinal research design?
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the same group being studied at different times
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what is a genotype?
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genetic makeup of an individual
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what is a phenotype?
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observable characteristics of an individual
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what is genomic imprinting?
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nchemical marker that activates either father’s or mother’s gene
noften temporary. its a mechanism that turns off specific genes
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what are chromosomal abormalities?
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-down syndrome: problems with the 21st chromosome
-sex chromosome abnormalities: problems with the x or y chromosomes
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what are examples of reproductive technologies?
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donor insemination, in vitro fertilization (egg is fertilized outside of the body), surrogate mother, new technologies
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what are trends in adoption?
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International adoption: has grown in recent years. Older children: they are more likely to remain in foster care. Developmental issues: more likely to develop within foster children.
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what are the enviromental contexts for development?
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Family. Socioeconomic status and family functioning, Affluence, Poverty, Neighborhoods, towns, and cities, and Cultural context
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what are the milestones of development in the period of the zygote?
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length is two weeks, fertilization, implantation, and start of placenta
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what are the major milestones for the period of the embryo?
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6 weeks, arms face legs and organs develop, the muscles develop and the heart begins to beat
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what are the major milestones in the period of the fetus?
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begins at the third month, the second trimester there is fetal movement, the third trimester is the age of viability (22-26 weeks)
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what are the 4 factors that determine the harm done by teratogens ?
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-dose: higher dose and how long you are taking it. -heredity: genetic makeup of mother and baby. -other negative influences: lifestyle factors. -age: how old you were at the time of exposure, what part of pregnancy are you in and what is developing then.
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what are the types of teratogens?
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drugs (perscription nonprescription and illegal ones), alcohol (theres some people that beleive that its fine in small doeses, controversial), radiation (can have consequences, low IQ, some cancers are associated), tobacco (biggest risk is low birth weight and cognitive delay), and pollut…
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what are the stages of labor?
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stage of dilation, stage of expulsion, and placental stage
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what is the APGAR scale and when is it given?
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the APGAR scale is given after birth, it measures appearence (blue or pink), pulse (heart rate), grimace (muscle tone), activity (how responsive), respiration (breathing), its on a scale from 0-2
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what is pre-term babies? small for date babies?
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-pre term babies: born weeks before their due date, may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy
-small for date babies: may be born at due date or preterm, below expected weight for length of pregnancy
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what is SIDS and what are the risk factors?
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unexpected death, most likely to happen ithin the first year of life. there are no knon causes. risk factors are low birth rate, poor APGAR scale, abnormal heart rate and respiration, poor reflexed such as slow startle response, when mother smokes/drinks the baby is at higher risk for it.…
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What are the Newborn reflexes?
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1) Rooting- breast feeding
2) Moro- baby flails limbs if no support- no known funciton
3) Tonic neck reflex- reaching
4)Stepping reflex- walking
5) Babinski- toes spread
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what are changes in body size and muscle-fat makeup and individual and group differences?
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babies gain 50% in height from birth to age 1
n75% by age 2, they grow in spurts, babies will gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer. girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys
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what does the left part of the cerebral cortex control?
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sensory information and control of right side of body, verbal abilities, positive emotion, sequential, analytical processing
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what does the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex control?
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sensory information and control of left side of body, spatial abilities, negative emotion, holistic, integrative processing
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what is brain plascity?
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In infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet specialized, Recover better from brain injury, Language recovers better than spatial skills, They still have some problems with complex mental skills, Older children, even adults, show some plasticity.
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what are the sensitive periods in brain development?
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Stimulation is vital when the brain is growing rapidly. Experience-expectant growth:ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to grow normally. Experience-dependent growth: additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences (ie playing an instrument)
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what is marasmus?
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physical symptoms, learning problems. from malnutrition
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what is kwashiorkor?
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stems from malnutrition, growth issues and weight problems
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what is growth insecurity?
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stems from malnutrtion, in poverty stricken situations so when they do get food they eat non stop
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what is classical conditioning?
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associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
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what is operant conditioning?
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following a behavior with a stimulus that can be positive or negative. reinforcer: increases probability of behavior occuring again. punishment: making it clear that what they were doing was wrong.
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what is habitution?
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the colored ring example. being interested in novelty, reaches babies to shift their attention to something different
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why is reaching plays an important role in infant development?
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Prereaching, Reaching, babies first with two hands, then one. Ulnar grasp: adjusting grip to object and can move from hand to hand. Pincer grasp: being able to pick up smaller objects ie raisen
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what is object permanence?
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Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight (Piaget: develops in Substage 4)
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what are mental representations?
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internal mental depoctions of objects people events and information. can be manipulated with mind and it permits deferred imitation and make believe play
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what is the behaviorist theory of language development?
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learned through operant conditioning (reinforcment), imitation
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what is the nativist theory on language development?
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the idea that children are born to learn language. The Language Aquisition device: biologically prepares infants to learn rules of languagw
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what is the interactionist theory on language development?
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inner capacities and enviroment work together, it is a mixture of nativist and behavorist
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what is joint attention?
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when babies point at something they want. its a give and take : it teaches children to take turns talking with language and social interaction
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What is underextention???
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When a baby refers to one specific thing, in which it uses the same word
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What is overextension?
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Applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate.
Ex.) use "car" for buses, trains, trucks, and fire engines.
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what is an example of a self consious emotion?
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shame, embarassment, guilt, envy, and pride
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what are the four phases of attachment?
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-preattachment: birth to six weeks, can be soothed by everyone. -attachment in the making: 6weeks to 6-8 months, want a familiar face but doesnt always protest -clear cut attachment:6 months-18months has seperation anxiety -formation of a reciprocal relationship: 2yrs on-> babies understa…
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PSY 213: EXAM 3