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HIST 151: Study Guide
Gospel of Wealth
|
-Social Darwinism
-Hard work leads to wealth
-blamed poor work conditions on immigrants because they "didn't work hard enough"
-Progressiveness and Industrialization
|
Horizontal Integration
|
-Control 1 aspect of industry
-EX: Carnegie steel
*Type of Monopoly
|
Vertical Integration
|
-Control every aspect of industry
-True monopoly
-Rockafeller oil
|
Standard Gauge
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standardizing rail road track gauge
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The Tweed Ring
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Tweeds small group of bigwigs
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Tammany Hall
|
a corrupt political machine that ran the Democratic Party in NYC; headed by William "Boss" Tweed; attacked by Thomas Nast
|
kickbacks
|
money paid illegally in return for favors (for example to a politician by a person who had received government contracts)
|
spoils system
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political system in which the winning party in an election compensates its supporters with government jobs and services
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Andrew Carnegie
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Controlled steel
-Gospel of wealth
|
William Rockefeller
|
-Controlled all aspects of oil
-Drove out every other business
-Example of vertical integration
|
Culture of terror
|
Onlya few people are committing acts but they’re so spoken about that it soundslike it’s everywhere. Irrational fears.
|
Grandfather Laws
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If your grandfather could vote then you could. Kept blacks from voting but not whites.
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Tenement
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They packed into tiny rooms in multistory buildings divided into apartments.s
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Joe Knowles
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· Walked naked in the wilderness for 60 days
· Caused people to start believeing that wilderness was something to go on vacation to and it was not something bad
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wilderness cult
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wilderness was seen as a place to "seek inner peace"
-idea that uniqueness of american culture was forged by challenges pioneers faced as they moved westward on the frontier
|
L.L Bean
|
-Leon Wood started LL Bean to make new boots for the wilderness
· People starting to put more values on wilderness
· Being comfortable while your protecting America
|
Florescence
|
- Conservation Argument
· Conquer wilderness now
· Water needs to be controlled by bigger business
· Government took over the West’s water
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Conquest of Arid America
|
book written by William Symthe who found that the rivers and creeks could dry up whenever and that they needed to be harnessed to make a profit
|
William Smythe
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From Nebraska. Made water the new frontier instead of the west. Discussed benefits of corporate water control
|
Hull House
|
· Helped women in poverty lean skills
· 2000 women came to learn skills
· Caused many settlement houses like this to be built
--Jane Adams
- 1st settlement house
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Progressivism
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asserts that advances in science, technology, economic development, and social organization, can improve the human condition.
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Populism
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the movement of people
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The Silver Standard
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1890’s introduced during the depression. 16 silver coins equivalent to 1 gold coin
|
Cross of Gold
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Speech by Williams Jennings Bryan that said gold was not helping the economy and that silver would be better
|
Coxey's army
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Coxey was wealthy but wanted to question the system that made him wealthy. Him and his army walked from Ohio to Dc. Nothing happened but it was the first time when people went to DC and protested. 1st time congress became aware of people
|
Granger's Law
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Interstate Commerce and Elkin's Act
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muckraker
|
writer who uncovers and poses misconduct in politics or business
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Pullman Car Strike
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Employees building George Pullman's sleeping train cars were unhappy about their cost of living, so they revolted and had to be put down by the federal army
|
Homestead "riot"
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Who: Amalgamated Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, Carnegie Steel Company
What: Strikers were killed in a riot
When: 1892
Where: Homestead Steel Works, Homestead, PENN
Why: Carnegie tried to break up union and lower wages
How: Frick's private army opened fire on steel strikers
Significance: Defeat for the union and setback to unionize steelworkers
|
Haymarket Bombing
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Strikes for shorter 8 hour workday took place at Haymarket Square. A striker threw a bomb and killed 7 policemen. Police killed 4 people in the incident.
|
Thomas Nast
|
Cartoonist who made many hateful cartoon panels toward "Boss" Tweed.
|
wobblies
|
members of the industrial workers of the world who spoke out against the war
---1st union who let anyone in
|
Turner Thesis
|
Named after Frederick Jackson Turner, an historian who said that the "frontier" defined American character and values. He stated that a new frontier would define America's future.
|
Molly McGuires
|
name for a secret society of Irish coal miners; accused of crimes and tried for murder, arson, etc.
-Showed the power of the workers
|
Yellow Journalism
|
A kind of writing that exaggerates news to shock and attract readers
explanation
|
The Jungle
|
Upton Sinclair wrote this book. Went undercover to a meat packing company in Chicago. Caused the Food and Drug Act
|
W.E.B Debois
|
Did not want to work within white laws. Disagreed with B.T.W. He wanted to challenge the white folks. More radical
--Created NAACP
|
Brooker T. Washington
|
Method of Education Pull yourself up by your bootstraps” take care of yourself. Baby Steps
--SELF IMPOROVEMENT
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Preach Against Northern Devil
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Rejected every thing from the North including coke because it was addictive, Rivals in church: sing and dance against technology
|
Margaret Sanger
|
Friends with the wobblies
· Her mom had 18 pregnancies in 22 years and had 11 kids.
· Suggested sex and reproduction were two different things
· “Mother of Birth Control”
Finally in 1918 birth control was allowed to be prescribed
|
Jane Adams
|
created the hull house in Chicago w/Ellen Gates. (1889)
-founder of Women's International league of Peace and Freedom.
-received Nobel Prize in 1931
- focused on social reform rather than individual
|
Jacob Riis
|
"How the Other Half Live" --Muckraker journalist/photographer
|
Sanctity of Nature/ safety of the city
|
signs, trails, close to city, restrooms, trash , and water in natre brought sanctity of nature to the safety of the city
|
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
|
First Regulatory bill in U.S. history. Prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads must publish rates. Charge less for a short haul. Forbade unfair discrimination against other railroads.
--railroad rates had to be reasonable and just
|
what is the Elkin's Act?
|
reinforce the provisions and purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act, fines on railroads that favored and gave discounts
|
Wisconsin's Idea
|
Robert Follete said people should pick who can run for office
|
Pendleton Act
|
1sr law to eliminate spoil system
· Graduated pay system
· Payed more for better skills
· Progressivists persuaded congress by lobbyists who advocated for change
|
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
|
- forbade trusts or combinations in business
- one of Congress's first attempts to regulate big business for public good
- mostly used to restrain trade unions as courts sided with companies
=--Limit Monopolies in business
|
McKinley Tariff
|
October 1, 1890. The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition
|
food and drug act
|
prohibits the sale of food unfit for human consumption and regulates food advertising
--If the meat contains something harmful, you have to label it
|
The Square Deal
|
Teddy Roosevelt made a deal with workers that they will go back to work after a strike and work 9 hour days and will receive a 10% increase in pay. He said owners will have to agree with this. 1st time government intervened as a compromiser in business. Workers finally had a “friend” in office
|
Plessy v. Ferguson
|
An 1896 Supreme Court case that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" was constitutional.
__Plessy Lost
|
Black Codes
|
laws passed by the southern states to restrict the rights and movements of black citizens
|
Antiquites act of 1906
|
presidents could restrict the use of public land owned by the federal government. President could set aside land for natural parks to conserve nature
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Boyscouts of America
|
- helped young white boys stay close to heritage
· Learned to be in the wilderness
· Largest Youth organization in the country
· 2nd bestselling book: boy scout hand book
|
National Reclamation Act
|
A law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed
Time: 1902
Significance: Provided federal irrigation projects
--paid bsinesses to have water use
--HUGE PROFITS
|
Teller Amendment
|
Law that stated that the U.S. has no interest in taking over Cuba
--Even though we still had ships over there
|
Open Door Policy
|
all nations were supposed to have equal access to trade with china
|
Roosevelt Corollary
|
Teddy Roosevelt said “We can now police western hemisphere. We will intervene between Europe and its colonies. If your colonies are in South America do not come over, we will handle it. Roosevelt did this to explicitly enforce his power. Monroe Doctrine was not enough
|
White Fleet
|
· 16 ships painted white traveled around the world saying “Hi” with guns to other countries
· 1st overseas base: Guantanamo Bay
|
Niagra Movement
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Black civil right nation founded by W.E.B. Opposed racial segregation
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NAACP
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founded by WEB DuBois, to achieve African American equality.
-Black civil right nation founded by W.E.B. Opposed racial segregation
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Department Stores
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Advertising
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Residential Neighborhoods
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Wealthy people could escape
|
Panama Canal
|
Canal constructed through Central America to connect the Pacific and Atlantic
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Red Scare
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"The First Red Scare” (1919-1920), fear of communism spreads, leading to illegal searches, seizures, detentions and deportations of suspected radicals. 5 duly-elected members of the New York Legislature are removed purely for being Socialist representatives.
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
The peace treaty that ended WWI and made reparation requirements.
June 28 1919
Got rid of Germany's army and required them to pay $33 billion to the allies
|
Wilson's 14 points
|
Wilson was very intelligent but people couldn't understand him so he broke his speech down into 14 parts that everyone could understand
1-5 no secret treaties. Peace within Europe
6-13 Particular situations. self determination within countries
14: Creation of League of Nations. Maintain world peace
|
The Great Migration
|
-Boll Weevil forced many African Americans North
-Soldiers came back from WW1 and took Women and African American jobs
---Movement of African Americans form the South to the industrial North
-They went to the North to get jobs in factories
-They took their culture with them
|
Black Renaissance
|
Chicago: became jazz capital of the world
-Radio became popular because anyone could listen to it
Louis Armstrong: jazz. Talked about homeland. he made it ok to publicly talk about the trauma that had happened. Did this through music
-In Harlem: Langston Hughes made a living through writing about civil rights for blacks
--became popular because anyone could identify with it
|
19th Ammendment
|
Who: Women Suffarists
What: Gave Women the Right to Vote
When: 1919
Where: United States
Why: Helped with war on homefront and suffragist movement
Historical Significance: Equality for men and women
|
John Scopes/Scopes Monkey Trial
|
Scopes intentionally incriminated himself and urged students to testify against him so trial would be heard. - Trial was used to draw national public attention to problem - Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but verdict was overturned due to technicality.
It was important because it symbolized the conflict between conservatives and modernists, and resulted in widespread growth in belief of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by calling more attention to it.
|
speculation
|
buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price.
|
Hoovervilles
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Shanty towns built of packing crates and sheet metal. People who lost their homes during the great depression lived in them. Were named after president Hoover because the people blamed Hoover for the depression.
|
The Dustbowl
|
Period of Severe Dust Storms - CAUSES = Major drought => overproduction of grasslands => improper farming techniques
- IMPACT = Migrant farm working class => Destruction / Loss of Property
|
Bonus Army
|
-WWI vets were pissed because they didnt get their bonus from war.
-Marched to DC to get money from congress
-shacked up in hoovervilles
-congress used tanks gas and guns on vets
-1000 vets injured, country is pissed
-Had more support than COxey's because of radio and telephones
-FDR was the only one who wasnt pissed so he introduced the New Deal
|
Roosevelt's Brain Trust
|
Group of educated men serving as economic advisors.
Roosevelt like to get all viewpoints, then choose his fromhis “brain trust”
--1st time Americans had a direct deal to federal government
--Specialists helped write the new deal
|
What was the first 100 days?
|
Part of FDR's New Deal: more legislation passed than in any other era
|
Banking Holiday
|
Banking reform act
-FDR closed all banks and federal investigators investigated the banks. Now you can recover your money if the bank foes under. Ended panic to not trust banks. Federal government backed all banks. All money is now safe. In 6 months 97% banks opened
|
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
|
Government agency that guarentees bank deposits, thereby protecting both depositors and banks
|
Civilian Conservation Corp
|
Men would go to rural areas and develop flood control projects and reforestation
-Soothed depression
-Many men made some money doing this
|
Alphabet Soup
|
Many of the New Deal Programs were known only by their initials, so they were given the nickname, Alphabet Soup, such as the Public Works Administration (PWA), Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
|
Works Progress Administration
|
PWA had no trickle down effect so they came up with WPA.
-directly employed millions of men to do smaller projects
-$13 billion went to workers
-werent full time employment
-every family gets one paying job
-built school, post offices, and hospitals
-used to assist the unemployed and boost the economy
|
Okies/Arkies
|
The Dust Bowl led to a migration of many people in the American West moving to Cali, and these people were called ________
|
Penny Auctions
|
During the dust bowl people would be losing their homes.
-neighbors would come together and bid on these homes at very low prices. Used guns to keep outsiders outside of auction
|
National Industry Recovery Act
|
Government
-raised prices
-regulated industry
-forces minimum wage
-illegal to hire people who lacked the necessary skills
-1/2 million blacks lost their jobs
-supreme court declared it unconstitutional in 1935
|
Tennessee Valley Authority
|
-Across 7 states the government built dams to control floods to generate electricity. Modernized schools and health systems
-some thought it was socialistic but most Southerners were pleased with it
-New Deal took this further to the REA which led to 78% of homes having electricity by 1950
|
Good Neighbor Policy
|
Initiated by President Hoover, this policy withdrew American forces from Latin America to establish more normalized relations.
-People were pissed about WW1. They didn't think their families should have died for nothing
"we dont bother you, you dont bother us" |
Appeasement
|
The British and the U.S. talk to Hilter and tell him he needs to stop taking over countries. He killed the dictator of Spain
|
Executive Order No. 9066
|
Internment camps for Japanese.
FDR issued order that commanded that all citizens of Japanese descent be interned at camps for fear of Japanese-American aid to the Japanese enemy.
Evacuation Claims Act: Japanese had 2 years to file a claim. America gave back some money. Every dollar you lost you will get 10 cents back
-still werent allowed to be citizens until 1952
|
Executive Order 9066
|
Set up concentration campus for Japanese Americans out of fear. They had 1 week to leave and were forced into camps with 1 bag
|
Arsenal of Democracy
|
A slogan coined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Dec. 1940 promising to help the Allies fight the Germans by providing military supplies while staying out of the actual fighting.
-Lend Leases: if US likes you they will lend you equiptment to fight
-Japanese were pissed, led to Pearl Harbor bombing because we were suppliying China
|
War Production Board
|
Federal agency created by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 that oversaw the production of military arms, machines, and ammunition.
|
The Manhattan Project
|
This was the project to develop the nuclear bomb. It was highly secretive and expensive. It was led by Oppenheimer. Most of the scientists working on the project didn't know what the final goal of the project was and when they found out they protested heavily. This launched the world into the nuclear age.
|
Tuskegee Airmen
|
-Let blacks into the military
-Segregated group they were sen out first
-Gunned down the German force
|
Tuskegee Airmen
|
African American pilots who fought in WWII. *Integration in the military
|
Factors leading to Sunbelt cities
|
population migration
-climate, lower cost of living, job opportunities, cities less dense and less congested
business migration
- high energy cost & taxes in northeast and mid west; lower energy costs in north and south east. old and outdated plants, south provides opportunity to build new plants at lower cost
lower labor cost-few unions in the south, lower taxes, growing population & labor pool, financially stronger cities
|
Truman Doctrine
|
1947 we will give political, military, and economic help to fight off communism
- important because it empowered other countries to remain free and not give into pressure of communist countries.
|
Truman Doctrine
|
President can stop Communism through whatever means necessary. Ensure the success of capitalism and establish loyalty tests.
|
Containment
|
-Truman doctrine doesnt hold back anything in language
-if we dont help anticommunist countries that could go communism so we will give them money to show advantages of capitalism
-Congress passes this
|
Containment
|
The US policy to prevent the spread of Communism abroad during the Cold War.
|
McCarthyism
|
McCarthy leads a lot of "witch hunts"
-accusing people of being communist
-brought on a lot of fear
-Red Scare
|
McCarthyism
|
The practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.
|
Douglas Kellner
|
Cultural Studies and multiculturalism
|
Cultural Studies and Multiculturalism
|
-Douglas Kellner
-Polysemic: one word having multiple related meanings
|
Dwayne Winseck
|
Media concentration/media ownership
|
Media Concentration
|
-Few people own media
-consequences: monopoly
|
Janice Radway
|
'reading the romance', readers use romance novels for escape, resisting, claiming personal identity
|
Media Culture
|
current society that emerged and developed under the influence of mass media
|
Michel Foucault
|
-Truth/power/knowledge
-interested in HOW power works
-power=positive: produces things rather than prohibits them
|
Power/Truth
|
-Truth is the justification for power
-Truth is determined by science. It is a set of rules
|
Ways of Operating
|
The way we do things
|
Michel de Certeau
|
-Strategy/tactic
-monotized society
-Modes of operation
-capillary
|
Consumption as Production
|
individuals are consumers
-consuming something in a way the producer didnt want you to
|
Strategy
|
You make the rules
|
Tactic
|
You follow the rules but they can be manipuated
|
Norm, Normal, Normative
|
Norm: something typical
Normal: conforming o a norm
Normative: relating to a standard
|
Richard Dyer
|
role of stereotypes-
Lippman: stereotypes are necessary
- Negative to Dyer
s" |
Stereotype
|
-ordering process
-short cut
-Expressing "our" values and beliefs
- referring to the worls
|
Christine Gledhill
|
-Soap Opera
-Genres need to have types within them
|
Mark Snyder
|
"sulf-sulfilling stereotypes"
-5 experiments
|
Self sulfulling stereotypes
|
-5 experiments
1. polariod experiment
2. light signals
3. job interviews
4. biography writing
5. classroom and workplace
|
Allen Johnson
|
"trouble were in"
-never know what will happen next
EX dirty water
-Unearned advantage/ conferred dominance/ oppression
|
Privilege
|
Allen Johnson
-exists when one group has something another froup is denied
-Paradox f privilege: those who enjoy privilege hardly ever feel it or percieve it
EX dirty water and wheel chair
-Scrupel: someone does something morally wont and they feel guilty
|
epistemic privilege
|
How you experience privilege
|
Unearned Advantage
|
you get something of benefit that someone else does not
EX: men vs women walking alone at night
|
conferred dominance
|
relationship of power between two groups
EX: "honey I got this" Females getting taken advantage of in car places
|
oppression
|
exists when people are denied something of value based on social group membership not individual experiences
|
Gail Dines and Jean Humez
|
Hegemony
-Antonio Gramsco
-Works best for democratic society
|
Hegemony
|
power of dominance one social group holds over another
-credited to antonio Gramsco
|
Passing
|
Getting away with being in a group you are not in
-EX; gay people not holding hands
-Allen Johnson?
|
Ibrahim
|
-Ethnicity and Race
-Primordialists: cant give up your ethnicity
-Instrumentalists: pick and choose
-Transactionalists: society has a say in it too/ they have to agree
-Ethnos: greek word for people
|
Ethnicity
|
What you are born with
-culture, religion, beliefs
|
Race
|
Physical Appearence
|
Omi and Winant
|
Racial Formation
Racialization
|
Racial Formation
|
process by which racial groups are formed
|
Racialization
|
associate a race with a class
EX poverty. white working man before. now, black women with kids
|
Karin Brodkin
|
How Jews became white
-G.I bill: blacks and whites have rights but whites have more
-FHA
-Redlining: warned banks not to lend to blacks
|
Stuart Hall
|
articulation of Ideology
-Overt racism
-Inferential Racism
|
Benshoff and Griffin
|
Whiteness and film
-black-face
-white is default
|
Whiteness
|
Dominant position:associated with middle class
-default
-people dont see it
|
Blockbusting
|
Blacks moving into neighborhoodscaused them to decline in value so blacks moved in
|
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
|
Color blind racism
-4 frames of colorblindness
|
Color Blindness
4 frames
|
1. Abstract Liberalism
EX: SAT scores
2. Naturalization: "thats just the way it is"
3. Biologization of culture: some cultures dont promote education like others
4. minimization of racism: there are always bad apples. Hegemony
|
Manhattan Project - 1941
|
Created the Nuclear Weapon in New Mexico. J. Oppenheimer orchestrated the project, Edward Teller was the father of the hydrogen bomb.
|
Sunbelt Cities
|
boomed during WWII with wartime production and industry. People moved to the South for jobs.
|
Federal Highway Act 1954
|
Built an interstate highway system throughout the US. Not only a great idea in terms of transportation, but it created an abundance of jobs. Expanded the rate of suburban growth.
|
NEPA
|
National Environmental Protection Act 1969. US is committed to Man and Nature living in harmony. 1st Federal agency for interactions of the environment and humans.
|
Detente
|
Lessening of tensions
|
SALT I 1972
|
USSR & Nixon work to treaty to reduce Arms and stop creation of ballistic missiles. Egypt & Syria notice SALT and start the 6 Day War w/ Israel & Palestine. Israel wins war. *Detente is over*
|
Oil embargo March 1974
|
Egypt & Middle East is mad at Nixon for breaking detente so they stop oil exports to the US. Price increases 70%. Stock market crashes and recession happens.
|
SALT II 1979
|
Each country said to limit arsenals. Talks to lessen the Cold War— neither side kept promise. USSR invades Afghanistan.
|
Love Canal
|
Environmental Justice Movement. Hooker chemicals buried landfill in City of Niagra. Land was sold for $1, they build an elementary school on the land and children began to get sick.
|
CERCLA 1980
|
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Taxed chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.
|
Brown v. Board of Education 1951
|
13 parents suing to have girl attend all white school. NAACP directed each parent to enroll child in school in Topeka, KS. Case went to the supreme Court. *Segregation in schools is unconstitutional.
|
Little Rock Nine
|
Nine students and their parents agreed to enroll in Little Rock High School Aug 30, 1957. White Citizens Council was stirring things up. President brought up 100 national guard, preventing nine students from entering. 500 whites were angry.
Every day the students tried for three weeks to get into school. Sept 23 IKE issues executive order, the high school has to integrate (rarely targeting specific event) Eisenhower sent 1k troops to enforce order.
|
Montgomery Bus Boycott
|
MLK organized boycott of bus system. In areas of life in the south it was easy to segregate black and white, busses couldn’t afford to have separate bus lines for black and white. it was very deliberate and economically powerful.
|
Lunch Counter Sit ins 1961
|
Attempts to desegregate were systematic. North Carolina, mixed group sat at counter while remarks and food was thrown at them. Sat there until they were served (White people no longer wanted to shop there to go into the fray)
|
Freedom Summer
|
Summer post Civil Rights act was passed. helped African Americans vote
|
Freedom March
|
March on Washington for MLK “I Have a Dream” Speech.
|
Johnson’s Great Society
|
Wanted to eliminate poverty, racial injustice, War on Poverty, all of this was meant to be permanent.
|
Third Wave Feminism
|
Post modern thinking, universal womanhood, women are individuals. You can be sexy & smart.
|
Iran Hostage Crisis
|
60 people/ students held hostage. Iranians demand that US hands over the Shah. Carter refuses to hand over Shah. Tries to rescue hostages from prison , but it failed. Equipment malfunction. 444 days in prison
|
“The Great Communicator”
|
Ronald Reagan, “Are you better off now than you were four years ago?” Expert at making Americans feel good.
|
Teflon President
|
Nothing sticks, but it looks good and sounds good.
|
Yuppies
|
Young urban professionals, wanted status by displaying wealth. Self absorbed young professionals who enjoy the attraction of sophisticated urban life. Chose to use income to satisfy self indulgences and ability to acquire stuff.
|
James G. Watt
|
Secretary of the Interior. Open Federal Lands in the West for development. Transfer federal lands to state control, states sell them off. Economy could be stimulated if there was less regulation and more development. Mocking the need for ensuring diversity and equality in the workplace. *Hostile towards environmentalism
|
EPA
|
Environmental Protection Agency was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations passed by Congress.
|
OPEC
|
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - to coordinate policies of the oil exporting countries. Secure a steady income to the member states and secure a supply of oil customers.
|
“Iron Curtain” Speech
|
Marked the beginning of the Cold War. By Winston Churchill in MO. The Iron Curtain is the division between Western powers and the area controlled by the USSR.
|
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
|
Sold the secrets of the nuclear bomb to USSR. They were then executed in 1953.
|
Baby Boom
|
Couples got married and were in a rush to have children once WWII started. Many men came back to the idea of containment and the Nuclear Family. Children were seen as the way to become happy and safe from the Atomic Age. This generation then grew up to become the counter culture of the 1960s and 70s.
|
Strom Thurmond & the Dixiecrats
|
A segregationist party in 1948 who wanted to protect the southern way of life. Opposed racial integration and wanted to uphold Jim Crow laws. Only member of house to reach 100 years old while still in office.
|
Missile Gap
|
Cold War term used in the US for the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR’s missiles compared with our own.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
13 day confrontation between the USSR & Cuba in Oct 1962. The moment in which the Cold War became closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. Withdrawal of USSR missiles from Cuba and US nuclear weapons from Turkey.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
Communist leader of North Vietnam. Drove the French out of Vietnam
|
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964
|
Congressional approval authorizing LBJ to use military force in SouthEast Asia. A blank check to use for war against Vietnam
|
Tet Offensive 1968
|
Series of attacks against the US and South Vietnam by communist North Vietnam. We "won," but the media made it look like we didn't.
|
Medicare/Medicaid
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Social Security Act 1965 LBJ. Public health insurance. 1/4 of all federal spending. Medicare - 65+, medicaid - poor.
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War on Poverty
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Under the Economic Opportunity bill, part of Johnson's Great Society. 1964 he wanted to eliminate poverty, people making below $1500 would qualify for poverty programs.
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Robert Kennedy
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Senator in NY in 1965, then assassinated in 1968. 64th US Attorney General under JFK. An icon in modern liberalism.
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Cesar Chavez
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American farm worker who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. Fighting for the rights of Mexican Americans and civil rights activist.
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Red Power
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Movement in the 1960s where Indians resisted being mainstreamed and losing Indian sovereignty. They wanted to end termination of tribes and reaffirm their ethnic identity while returning to their traditional cultural ways.
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Alcatraz Island
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Island that Natives held captive for a year and a half. If the land was abandoned they could take it back. A sight of symbolic Native American protest in 1969. They demanded changes in reservation policies and government recognition of treaties.
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Henry Kissinger
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Secretary of state who met secretly with North Vietnamese under Nixons orders to negotiate a settlement. Kissinger & Nixon crafted detente between the US, USSR & China. Wide authority to use diplomacy to end the Vietnam War.
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Kent State University
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1970 - Students killed by National Guard Troops after students protesting against Nixons decision to invade Cambodia.
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Draft Dodgers
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The government was telling men 18-35 to serve. Some people escaped to Canada. Some burned their draft card and turned into hippies. You could dodge the draft by being in college, married, or having children.
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Ping Pong Diplomacy
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Nixon's visits to Communist China in 1971. US ping pong players were invited to play the Chinese in a ping pong game. This symbolizes the start of a relationship between the US and China.
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Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty
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Treaty between the US & USSR 1972 limited deployment by both sides of nationwide missile defense systems. Symbolized a step towards end of the arms race. Reduced Soviet and American tensions.
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Moral Majority
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1979 by Jerry Falwell which wanted to create a Christian America by supporting political candidates. Opposed feminism, abortion and gay rights.
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Roe v. Wade
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1973 Supreme Court ruling that women have the right to choose during the first 3 months of pregnancy. People didn't agree but it was still the law.
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American Indian Movement
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1968 Native American Civil Rights and recognition of past treaties saying that the US never honored those. Revival of Indian Nationalism.
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26th Amendment
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1971 Right to vote at 18 years old
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Carl Bernstein
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Journalist at Washington Post who investigated the Watergate scandal. Communist parents, but he was a hippie.
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Saturday Night Massacre
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A series of resignations and firings during the Watergate scandal. Dismissal of Prosecutor Archibald Cox and resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckleshaus.
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Three Mile Island
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1979 Nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania where the uranium fuel melted. People were sketched out over a proven power system.
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Voodoo economics
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Tax the rich more than the poor. Part of Reaganomics.
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New Liberalism
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Higher levels of trade = lower levels of conflict. Philosophy that argues for minimal government in the economy--main focus is on individual freedom.
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