SOCY 1001: Chapter 8 - 10
41 Cards in this Set
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Absolutism
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Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad
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Criminalization
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Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime
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Deterrence Theory
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Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act of outweigh its benefits
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Deviance
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Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive
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Labeling theory
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Theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity "deviant" has been successfully applied
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Medicalization
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Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it
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Relativism
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Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas
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Bureaucracy
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Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks
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Division of labor
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Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of most bureaucracies
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Free-rider Problem
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Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without any personal cost or contribution
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Hierarchy of authority
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Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy form those at the top, where there is a greap deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very little power and authority
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McDonaldization
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Process by which the characteristicsand principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life
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multinational corporation
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company that has manufacturing, production, and marketing divisions in multiple countries
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Oligarchy
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System of authority in which many people are ruled by a privileged few
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Social structure
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Framework of society- social institutions, organizations, groups, statuses and roles, cultural beliefs, and institutionalized norms- that adds order and predictability to our private lives
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Tragedy of the commons
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Situation in which people acting individually and in their own self-interest use up commonly available (but limited) resources. creating disaster for the entire community
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Absolute poverty
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Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence
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Authority
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Possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one's directives or commands
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Caste System
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Stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata
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Colonization
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Process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over a weaker country and its people
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Competitive individualism
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Cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don't work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities
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Culture-of-poverty thesis
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Belief that poor people, resigned to their position in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success
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Estate system (feudal system)
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Stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have power based on noble birth
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False Consciousness
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Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution
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Means of production
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Land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the economic basis of class societies
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Middle Class
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In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals
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Near-poor
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Individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line
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Poor
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In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed
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Poverty line
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Amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government
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Poverty Rate
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Percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line
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Power
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Ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests
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Prestige
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Respect and honor given to some people in society
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Relative poverty
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Individuals' economic position compared with the living standards of the majority of society
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Slavery
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Economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others
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Social Class
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Group of people who share a similar economic position in society, based on their wealth and income
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Social mobility
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Movement of people or groups from one class to another
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Socioeconomic status
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Prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society
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Stratification
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Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society
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Upper class
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In society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians and members of prestigious families
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Working Class
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In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers
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Working poor
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Employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to survive
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SOCY 1001: EXAM 1