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PSYC 362: Chapter 1
animism |
belief that natural phenomena caused by spirits
|
consciousness
|
aware of; can tell others about thoughts, perceptions, memories and feelings
|
cerebral hemisphere
|
two symmetrical halves of the brain; enabled by corpus callosum
|
split brain procedure
|
done on patients with severe epilepsy; cut corpus callosum; decrease epileptic seizures but cerebral hemispheres act independently
|
corpus callosum
|
bundle of nerve fibers that connect corresponding parts of one side of the brain to the other
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blindside
|
phenomena when blind people reach for objects in their visual field
|
generalization |
general conclusion based on observations of similar phenomena
|
reduction |
phenomena is described in terms of more elementary processes that underlie it
|
determinism
|
mental states produced by physical mechanisms
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dualism
|
mind(not physical) separate from body(physical) but they interact
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monism
|
mind is result of a working CNS
|
Hippocrates (father of modern medicine)
|
first to associate behavior with the brain
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Aristotle
|
believed brain served to cool passion of the heart
|
Galen
|
thought the ventricles filled with fluid was where spirits were
|
Rene Descartes
|
father of modern philosophy
discovered reflexes
dualist
soul controls movement of muscles through influence on pineal body
interaction of mind and body through pineal body |
reflex
|
automatic movement produced directly in response to a stimulus
|
Gall
|
believed in phrenology
development of cortex based on bumps on the skull |
Johannes Muller
|
doctrine of specific nerve energies
|
doctrine of specific nerve energies
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nerve fibers carry the same message(electrical impulse), sensory information must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active |
Pierres Flourens
|
experimental ablation
|
Paul Broca
|
found part of the brain responsible for speaking
Broca's area(left side of the brain)
pt Tan- right side of the body paralyzed and lost speech(aphasia) |
Fritsch & Hitzig
|
stimulation to primary motor cortex caused contraction of specific muscles on opposite side of the body
|
Helmholtz |
invented ophthalmoscope
believed all physiology was mechanistic and could be studied
showed neural signaling was slow |
Antonie Van Leewenhoek
|
invented microscope
|
natural selection
|
process by which inherited traits that confer a specific advantage become more prevalent in the population
|
artificial selection
|
natural selection controlled by humans
|
functionalism
|
best way to understand biological phenomenon is to the understand the useful functions for the organism
|
mutation |
change in genetic info contained in chromosomes of sperm and eggs which can be passed on to offspring and provide genetic variation
|
selective advantage
|
allow organism to produce more than average amount of offspring of its species
|
evolution
|
gradual change in structure and physiology of plants and animals producing more complex organisms
|
anapsids
|
ancestors of today's turtles
|
diaspids
|
ancestors of dinosaurs, birds, lizards, crocodiles and snakes
|
synapsids
|
ancestors of mammals
|
therapsids |
dominant land animal during Permian period
|
cynodonts(therapsid)
|
survived extinction 248 million years ago
|
closest relatives to humans
|
chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans
|
Homo Erectus
|
first hominid to leave Africa that went to Europe and Asia
|
neotany
|
slowing of process of maturation, allowing more time for growth |
behavioral neuroscientist
|
scientist that studies the physiology of behavior by preforming physiological and behavioral experiments on lab animals
believe mind is a function preformed by the brain |