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HDF 100:Test 2
Circadian Rhythm
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Biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle (temperature/ wakefulness)
Effects body temp., hormone production, and more.
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Volatile Mismatch
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a lack of fit between a person and environment causing person to become angry; like teens and school.
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Piaget Formal Operations
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The stage at which one can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and reason abstractly.
This stage is achieved when adolescents and adults can deal with hypothetical situations.
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Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Adolescents establish their ownidentities by reconsidering the goals and values set by theirparents and culture, then acceptingsome and rejecting others.
Puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Usually lasts 3 to 5 years. Hormones trigger rapid growth. (Outside-In)
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Timing of Puberty: Girls
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-Girls:
*Early Maturing:
-unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence
-more deviant behavior
-negative body image
-more long-term problems
*Late Maturing:
-popular
-sociable, lively, school leaders
-positive body image
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Timing of Puberty in Boys
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early: overall better
-popular
-confident
-independent
late:
-unpopular
-anxious
-talkative
-attention-seeking
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Factors that Impact the Timing of Puberty
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Sex (ladies 1st), Genes, Weight (more=earlier), Stress
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Primary Sexual Characteristics
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Physical features that involve the reproductive organs.
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics
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Physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction
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Health Issues of Adolescents
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1) Risk Taking
2) Suicide
3) Nutrition - Disorders
4) Drugs
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Adolescent Egocentrism
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To think exclusive on self; to regard themselves as more socially significant than they really are.
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Invincibility Fable
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It happens, but it won't happen to me; leads to risk taking and accidents.
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Imaginary Audience
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Everyone is watching me; they are critics. Desire privacy. Concerned over appearance. Impact if depressed.
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Personal Fable
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Think parents & peers cant understand what they are feeling or thinking.
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Clinical Depression
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Overwhelming feelings of sadness and hopelessness
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Rumination
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Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences.
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Suicide
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The intentional taking of ones life. 3rd leading cause of death among adolescents.
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Foreclosure
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Erikson’s term forpremature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent’sor society’s roles, andvalues wholesale without questioning and analysis. (ex. grabbed fathers major w/o thought)
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Negative Identity
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Doing opposite of what's expected.
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Identity Moratorium
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A person who is actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to make choices.
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Identity Achievement
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Having explored alternatives and developed relatively firm commitments.
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Vocational Identity
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is the degree to which one view's one's occupation as a key element of identity. Usually achieved at age 25.
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Religious Identity
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Aspect of identity defined by one's spiritual belief.
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Political/Ethnic Identity
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becomes an important aspect of their overall identity; struggle to find their own identities while remaining connect to their roots; this need peaks at about 15.
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Sexual/Gender Identity
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Sexual Orientation: attracted to which sex
Gender Identity: acceptance of female/male gender roles.
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Anorexia
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A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point where weight loss is way below normal.
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Bullemia
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Secretivecycle of binge eating followed by purging.
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DelinquentIssues
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Children or adolescents who engagein illegal activities and come into contact with the criminal justice system.
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Dropout Issues
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more likely to be criminals and display bad behavior; substance abuse.
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Effects of Early Pregnancy
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Higher chance of medical complications; prolonged labor; premature babies.
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Concrete Operations Stage
(Piaget)
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Can perform conservation tasks, can perform operations for organizational tasks, but have difficulty with abstract operations and hypothetical situations. understand conservation.
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Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning
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1. Preconventional: avoid punishment, maximize rewards, judgements are based on personal needs
2. Conventional: rules cannot be broken, value caring, trust, social order
3. Post conventional: WIlling to break law and suffer consequences; universal moral rules trump unjust rules
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Freud's Latency Stage
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Sexual feelingsremain repressed (unconscious);
Focus is ondevelopment of intellectual, social, and other cultural skills.
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Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority
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Mastery ofcognitive and social skills give children sense of industry or competence;
Children havingdifficulties with peers or school may develop sense of inferiority
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Protective Factors
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Family, friends, faith, activity they feel important in; more/stronger factors, more resilient.
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Social Comparisons
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Comparing self with other people,even when no one else makes the comparison.
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Social Cognition
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The ability to understand therelationship between themselves and others;
Children with better perspectivetaking skills tend to have better peer relationships.
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Peer Group
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Roughly the same age andsocial status who play, work, or learn together.
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Neglected
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Notrejected – but not picked as friends (unknown)
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Withdrawn-Rejected
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Dislikedbecause of timid, anxious behavior.
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Aggressive-Rejected
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Dislikedbecause of antagonistic, confrontational behavior.
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Physical Development (Middle Childhood)
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Grow more slender.
Body weight doubles.
Grow in spurts.
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Coordination
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6-7 years, children's fine motor skills improve throughout childhood. (Tie shoelaces, fasten buttons, etc.)
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Health & Brain Growth
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ADHD & other learning disabilities may arise.
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Sensory Memory
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Visual impression of an object lasting for a fraction of a second.
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Working Memory
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Short-term memory
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Long-Term Memory
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Storehouse of information containing names, dates, and places.
Can last days, years, or a lifetime.
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Learning Styles
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Visual, Auditory, and Tactile.
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Sternberg IQ Test
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Constructeda three-part, or “triarchic,” theory of intelligence
1) Analytical (problem solving)
2) Creative (invent)
3) Practical (adapt to demands)
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Gardner IQ Test
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Intelligence reflects more than academic ability.
Multipleintelligences can include verbal ability, logical-mathematical reasoning,spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and personalknowledge.
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Excessive inattention,impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
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Function of a Family
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Control is gradually transferredfrom parent to child in coregulation;childrenbegin to internalize the standards of their parents.
Children and parents spend lesstime together; parentsmonitor less and give less direct feedback.
Stillrate parents as best source of emotional support
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Egocentric
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Limitedby own perspective
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Pre operational
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before they are able to apply logical operations; don't understand cause
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Centration
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Focusing on one aspect of asituation to the exclusion of all others. (ex. It's red; not big and red)
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Appearance
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Focuson appearance to the exclusion of all else - There is a monster in the closet
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Static Reasoning
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Seeing the world as unchanging.
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Irreversibility
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Not able to see from another person's perspective.
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Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Erikson)
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Toddlers either succeed or fail ingaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Theyoung child eagerly begins new projects and activities and feels guilt whenhis/her efforts are rejected for breaking the rules or resulting in failure orcriticism.
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Language
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By age 6, vocabulary at 10,000words
Able to enjoy jokes – play on words
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Authoritarian
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–Littleaffection Little interactive communication
–Strictpunishment – high maturity demands
Parents word is law
* Unhappy Children; rebel
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Permissive
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– Laxdiscipline – low maturity demands
– Wantto be friends – not authority figures
Few demands
* Less happy children; lack self-control; lack maturity.
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Authoritative
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Sets limits and enforces rules
–Listento children – answer questions and discuss feelings – high maturitydemand,but forgiving when not met.
–Seekto be guides & mentors / not friends
* Sucessful Children
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Growth & Influence Preschool
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Steady Increases
Adding about 2-3” and 4 - 6lbs.per year (About 1lb per inch)
Getting more slender as grow in height
Center of gravity is the chest area
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Myelination
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Theprocess by which axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin(a fatty substance that speeds transmission of nerve impulses from neuron toneuron)
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Corpus Callosum
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Aband of nerve fibers that connect the left and right sides of the brain
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Myelination of Corpus Callosum
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Myelination connecting thehemispheres is completed by 8 years old and helps with:
Coordination
Integrationof logical and emotional functioning
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Childhood Diseases
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1. Minor Illness
Surrounded by Germs
Developing immunities to sickness–by getting minor illnesses a lot
Developing health habits:Cleanliness, health habits
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Childhood Accidents
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“Except in times of famine more ofthe world’s children die of accidents than any other cause”
Motor Vehicle Accidents - Others: Poisoning,Drowning, Falls, Burns, Chocking
* Caused by new ability to climb & explore
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Child Maltreatment
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All intentional harm to, orendangerment of anyone under 18 years old.
Includes:child abuse & child neglect
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Child Abuse
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Deliberateaction that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexualwell being
*Includes hitting, burning, etc.
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Child Neglect
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Failure to meet a child’s basicphysical, educational, or emotional needs
Itis twice as common as abuse.
* Failure to thrive
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Childhood Nutrition
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Today’s sedate child needs lesscalories than their parent did (at that age)
Appetite is changing at this stagedue to growth spurts
Children are getting enough calories– but not enough minerals & vitamins
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Stages of Play: Isolated
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Always playing alone
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Stages of Play: Parallel
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Same place at same time, but not together.
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Stages of Play: Cooperative
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Actually interacting with one another.
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Childhood Aggression
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Younger children use this to get toys, in older preschoolers it becomes more hostile and person oriented
* Result of lacking empathy
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Habituation
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becoming used to repeated stimuli, children exposed to violence are more likely to assume it is normal
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Childhood Language
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Vocabulary - 9 words a day
Grammar-Language usage (plurals, tenses, sentence structure)
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Childhood Brain Development: Limbic System
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area of the brain crucial in theexpression and regulation of emotions
*Emotionsmore responsive to specific stimuli
*Tempertantrums subside
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Childhood Brain Development: Amygdala
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tiny part of brain that registersemotions
Increased activity = nightmares,or sudden terrors
Responds to facialexpressions – if adults show fear (social referencing)
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Childhood Brain Development
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The frontal lobe maturing
Sleepbecomes more regular
Toilettraining in process – wetting the bed is normal
Attention – Perseveration (stick toit) increases
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The IQ Testing Controversy
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• CulturalBias
– Scoringwell on intelligence test requires a certain type of cultural experience
(ex. BlackIQ test)
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Focuses on rewards and praiseduring middle childhood
– Varietyof models
• Parents,Teachers, TV, Peers, etc
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Social Cognition
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The ability to understand the relationship b/t themselves and others.
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Middle Childhood: Self-Esteem
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Self-criticism & selfconsciousness rise and self-esteem goes down
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Middle Childhood: Peer Relationships
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*More important duringmiddle childhood
*Help with practicingcooperation, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
*Help children withappropriate impulses.
*Serve as sounding boards when comparingfeelings and experiences, helping friends to understand that they are not alone
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Lesbian & Gay Parents
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similar to children growingup with heterosexual parents
Sexual orientation of childrentends to be heterosexual regardless of sexual orientation of parents
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Divorced Families
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Most divorced women raise theirchildren in poverty
Fathers become more absentas time goes by following a divorce.
Children of divorce more likely tohave conduct problems, lower self-esteem, poor grades, and drug abuse.
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Stepfamilies
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Stepchildren at greater risk of abuse
–Physical abuse by stepparent than biological parent
–Sexual abuse by stepparent by a factor of eight than by natural parent
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