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HDF 100: Exam 1
Who suggested that children were innately good?
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Jean Jacques Rousseua
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what do watson's behaviorism and locke's concept of tabula rasa have in common?
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they suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences and skills.
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What is psychoanalytic theory and who originated it?
According to Freud explain the psychosexual stages of development
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1. oral stage: birth to 18mo--> pleasure is sought through the mouth
2. anal phase: 2-3yrs--> toilet training leads children to focus on bowel movement
3. phalic stage--> libidinal energy is directed towards genitals
4. genital phase--> attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory - 5 systems and their meaning
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-looks at children's development within the context of the systems of relationships that form their environment
1-microsystem
2-mesosystem
3-exosystem
4-macrosystem
5-chronosystem
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According to Vygotsky's socoicultural theory, how do children learn? ch.1
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He focuses on how the child's social interaction with adults, largely in cognitive skills.
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5 steps of scientific method
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1. Formulate research
2. hypothesis,
3. testing hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions from data
5. Make finding available/ conclusion
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the 4 methods of research used to collect data
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1. Observations,
2. experiments,
3. surveys,
4. case studies
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heredity
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the passing of physical characteristics from parent to offspring.
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Chromosones
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Carry genetic material and information, made up of chromatin, complex proteins of DNA
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Genes
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segments of DNA located along chromosomes that contain genetic information
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DNA
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A nucleic acid found in all cells, double helix
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4 elements of DNA and how do they compare with each other?
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1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
(A-T) (C-G)
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How do dominant and recessive genes work?
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When a dominant allele is paired with a recessive allele, the trait determined by the dominant allele appears in the offspring.
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What is associated with abnormalities of the 21st pair of chromosomes?
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downs syndrome
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Who is most likely to develop sickle-cell amnesia?
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african americans
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Genotypes and Phenotypes
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Genotypes: genetic makeup of an individual.
Phenotypes: Observable characteristic of a person.
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What is the order of the 3 prenatal stages
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1. Germinal stage,
2. Embryonic stage,
3. Fetal stage
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What is a coach in childbirth?
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usually mother's partner, aids mother in delivery room and provides social support during labor.
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What is a "natural" childbirth?
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child birth without amnesia, and delivery of baby through the vagina.
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Cesarean section, and how common is it in the U.S.?
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delivery of a baby by abdominal surgery.
3 out of every 10 births,
1/3 of all births in the U.S.
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What are the "baby blues"
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-period of confusion, sadness, tear-fullness, irritability
-first week after birth
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What causes postpartum depression?
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sudden drop in estrogen or increase in stress
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What are the "rooting" reflex and the "moro" reflex?
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Rooting reflex: stroke infants cheek and they open mouth to the side
Moro reflex: The baby puts its arms out to catch itself when they feel like they're falling
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How common is postpartum depression?
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Happens to about 1 new mother in 5
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differentation
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a process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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Why is the head so much larger during infancy?
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the head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body
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How does formula compare with breast milk?
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breast milk is better. It contains more nutrients, is more digestible for the baby, and quantity increases to meet demand.
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What are the advantages of breast feeding for baby and mother?
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Baby: it gets mother's immunity.
Mother: she can't get pregnant.
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elements of a nueron, myelin
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a nerve cell and myelin would lessen the sensitivity of the bare nerve endings that are used for picking up sensory information.
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what part of the body is a baby able to control first?
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head
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because of immunizations, there has been a significant decline in what diseases?
What is Shaken Baby Syndrome? how common is it in the U.S.?
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Violent shaking or shaking and impacting of the head of an infant of small child that may cause neurological disorders or death.
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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-Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years) *Object permanence
-Preoperational Period (2-7) *think about absent objects
-Concrete Operational (7-11) *Understand reversibility, categorization, ordering
-Formal Operational (11-Adulthood) *Absract Thinking
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What is the difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?
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primary: reactions that involve child's own body (based on 5 senses)
secondary: reactions that involve a child and another object or person
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what is object permanence
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ability to form mental images of objects that are not present
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What/when is deferred imitation?
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The ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
Mental representation (18-24 months)
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How early can an infant imitate an adult sticking their tongue out? Is this a learned response or is it a reflex?
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A 1-year old infant can imitate an adult sticking their tongue out
This is a reflex
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the earliest communication sound a child can make
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crying
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what is "babbling"
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Child's first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech
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Intonation
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the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning
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What are "expressive" and "receptive" vocabularies?
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Expressive: the number of words one can use in the production of language
Receptive: the number of words one understands
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How many words can the average 12-month-old child understand?
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84 words
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When are first words typically spoken?
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Between 11 to 13 months
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What is Attachment?
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Active, affectionate, reciprocal relationship between two people.
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What are the different types of attachment and how do they differ from each other?
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Secure attachment: mild distress
Insecure attachment: avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency
Avoidance attachment: apparent indifference when attachment figure leaves and reunites
Ambivalent/resistant attachment: severe distress at leave-taking
Disorganized: dazed behaviors towards attachment figure
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What determines the level of attachment between a father and his child?
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The more sensitive a father is to the child's needs, the stronger the attachment.
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From a cognitive perspective, what needs to be present for attachment to occur?
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the concept of object permanence
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who is Rene Spitz and what did he find by examining institutionalized children?
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Found many institutionalized children show withdrawal and depression
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How many children are abused and neglected in the United States each year?
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3 million
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Who is most likely to be abused by parents?
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girls
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What are autism Spectrum Disorders and who is most likely to be diagnosed?
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Autism= developmental disorders characterized by impairment in communication and social skills, and by repetitive, stereotyped behavior.
it is 4 to 5 time more common among boys than girls.
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What are some signs of autism?
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Poor eye contact, no babbling, late smiling, loss of language or social skills, does not respond to name.
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Describe children who attend daycare
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They are more independent,confident, outgoing, and affectionate as well are more helpful and cooperative with peers and adults.
perform better in school
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What does “emotional regulation” refer to?
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techniques for controlling ones emotional states
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How does a child often demonstrate autonomy?
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Refusing to comply with caregivers requests.
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What is temperament and does it stay the same throughout life or change?
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Individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life. Stays consistent throughout life.
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