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How does GIS differ from data base management?
it has geographic entities and operators
What is an example of a geographic entity and attribute?
Entity: building Attribute: height
Whats an example of a geographic operator?
area computation
Name at least three methods to put breaks in a classification scheme:
Standard deviation, natural breaks, equal intervals, quartile
Spatial layers: if i have 17 spatial layers, all with a spatial resolution and accuracy of 10 meters, and I have one more layer than the streams in it and its only good to a 100 meters a km, what is the value of the final analysis? how good can it be?
10 meters, my analysis is only as good as the WORST layer I have 
What is a geodetic datum?
defines the SIZE and SHAPE of the earth and the ORIGIN and ORIENTATION of a coordinate system
If you were choosing a projection for vermont, which would you choose?
transverse mercator (regional shapes with longer north-south dimension)
If you were choosing a projection for tennessee which would you choose?
Lambert conformal conic (for regional shapes with longer east-west dimension)
What is the appropriate projection for a global display?
Robinson
How accurate are a bunch of points derived from a lot of addresses?
minimum of 100 meters
Theodolite -- what is the zero in the z direction?
local level
Theodolite -- what is the zero for the horizontal level? (for the x value)
an arbitrary base line, an arbitrary zero 
Map scale is equivalent to...
database resolution
Which term is closer to mapscale or database resolution: precision or accuracy?
precision
True north
The point where all longitude lines converge. 
Grid north
The north on the gridded map indicated by a north arrow that follows horizontal lines
Magnetic North
The north a compass points to. unreliable because it changes over time
How many satellites do you need for a complete measurement?
4 (x,y,z,atomic time)
Points in arc/info are known as...
nodes
Areas in arc/info are known as....
polygons
Points in arc/info are known as....
Arcs
How does arc/info know the direction of an arc?
the "from" node
What is the difference between vector (object) and field (raster) representation of space?
A raster (area) is continuous, a vector is confined (points, lines, surfaces)
Why do you flatten the earth?
Its better for analysis, you can selet which distortions to minimize (distance, direction, scale, area)
How is the prime meridian defined?
It depends on the geodetic datum, because they all have different locations of the prime meridian. There is no definite answer, it depends on which coordinate system to use. 
What is cohens kappa?
A measure of how much the database differs from reality
What is MCE (multiple criteria evaluation)?
Factors, weights, qualitative
What is scale?
it shows accuracy
How small is the smallest point that can be placed on a map?
.5 mm / 0.02 in
Is it possible to have two data points in a polygon?
no
Which map projection best preserves local shapes?
Transverse mercator
Where is the prime meridian?
Anywhere you want it to be. It depends on what geodetic datum you chose. 
Remote sensing satellite systems can portray a healthy vegetation index by using ....
in red/green and infrared
What would be the symbol for a building that would look much like a building?
A pictograph
PPGIS
Public Participation in GIS
Name some approaches to GIS:
co-learning, cooperation, compliance, collective action
Whats the difference between land use and land cover?
Land cover -- features on the earth measured by remote sensing land use -- human use, the way we define it
Whats an example of a chloropleth map?
census tracts, the boundaries of the zones are established independently of the data
Chloropleth map
the boundaries of the zones are established independently of the data --- strictly defined and cannot be changed
dasymetric map
Comes from different measurements, do not follow pre determined boundaries
Whats an example of a dasymetric map?
soil map
What is an example of an isopleth map?
Temperature map
Isopleth map
Map comprised of lines (isolines) of equal attribute value
Why did people start using infrared imagery?
To detect green things
What is the potentional of a map that has a 1: 1,200,000 ??
1. Divide (1,200,000/1000) 2. Divide (1200/2) 3. answer = 600 the precision is 600 meters
Krieging
GIS analysis use it for interpolation. They use it for guessing. Based on autocorrelation and distances weighted interpolation
What projection to you use if you want to compute the area of something:
equal area conformal conic
WGS84 World Geodesic System of 1984
widely accepted, globally current global reference system
Qualitative VS Quantitative 
Qualitative (large, medium, small) Quantitative (1,2,3,4)
What two important features does GIS add to relational database management systems?
geographic entities and operators 
How is a geographic entity captured as geospatial data?
As either a vector (object) or raster (field)
What is a geographic entity best described as an object?
Vector -- points
What is an example of a geographic entity best described as a field?
Raster (area)
Under what circumstances might a city be described as a point?
When the city itself is not the focus of investigation, never as a reference point on a map
What are two examples of the difficultly in defining a "lake"?
Manmade lake or natural lake? how small can a lake be and how big can a pond be?
Why is the notion of a "coastline" a problem when defining geographic representations?
Defaults on scale and accuracy, how much of a coastline?
What is an example of a ratio measurement?
area
What is an example of a cyclic measurement?
azimuth 
What measurement type is a FIPS code for a state?
nominal
What was the original definition of a meter?
1:10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the north pole
What are three examples of descriptive statistics?
Average, median, mean
What is the important characteristic of a conformal projection?
It maintains relative shape
What is magnetic north a problem for describing directions on the earth?
it changes over time
The detect features on the ground, you must sample..
At intervals half the distance of the size of the features
The actual gravity shape of the earth is...
A complex field that changes everywhere
What is the most important function of a GIS process?
data analysis
ESRI stands for
EnvironmentalSystems Research Institute
True or false: Network analysis is a GIS analysis function
TRUE
Meridians are lines of ______ that measure in the ________ direction
longitude, EAST-WEST 

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