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PHYSICS 109: exam 3
open pipe
|
air pressure can't build up, pressure node at open end
|
closed pipe |
stopper keeps air from moving, node at closed end, antinode at open end, only odd partials
|
The Fourier Theorum |
-any periodic oscillation of period T can be represented as a sum of sine waves with appropriate frequencies, phases, and amplitudes
-only certain frequencies are necessary - multiples of fundamental
-there is only on combination of sinusoidal oscillations that produces the given complex wave |
sound spectrum |
graph that represents the amplitude of the various partials of a complex tone vs. the frequency of the partial |
pure tone |
tuning fork, one line on graph
|
the missing fundamental |
amplitude is 0, no fundamental present, pitch still sounds like fundamental pitch, the brain reinstates it |
formants |
regions of the sound spectrum, stronger groups, result of broad resonances in the throat and oral cavity |
end correction |
-at open end, air is moving out and in and airflow tends to continue beyond end of tube
-makes tube act slightly longer
-end correction l added to L for each open end
-l=.3d |
musical scale
|
sequence of frequencies, most often arranged in ascending order, normally contained within an octave |
musical intervals |
characterized by the ratio of the 2 frequencies, intervals sound the same if they have the same ratio |
polyphonic |
compositions in which 2 or more sounds are played simultaneously
|
roughness |
when 2 frequencies are near one another but not so close that one discerns the beats individually |
triad |
a set of 3 tones often played as a chord
|
just major scale |
sequence of frequencies relative to the first tone of frequency 1 |
diatonic scales |
scales using 2 kinds of intervals, using whole and half steps |
augmented fourth
|
from F to B, has 3 whole tones/6 semitones instead of 5 semitones |
minor sixth |
from E to C, has 8 semitones instead of 9
|
chromatic scale |
scale that assigns definite frequencies to all 12 semitones |
natural scale |
scale that is played on a "natural horn" without values or tone holes playing only multiples of the fundamental frequency |
resonator |
at the center of the instrument, oscillating system |
excitation device |
sets the oscillator/resonator into motion |
radiator |
required for energy supplied by energy source to oscillator given off as sound wave |
feedback between oscillator and excitation |
excitation (buzzing lips) is driving force on resonator, resonator in turn affects the driving force (lips) to keep it at its resonant frequency |