GEOG 370: Lec7&8
28 Cards in this Set
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Data-Ink
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Ink that conveys relevant information/useful information
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Non-Data Ink
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Information that is not relevant to the map
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Chartjunk
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Needless effects on a map (e.g., 3-D display)
A subset of non-data ink
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Edward Tufte
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-Idea of Data-ink
-Must be ink-efficient
-Efficiency involves removing redundant data-ink
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Negative Space
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Lack of data-ink
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Don Norman
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-Aesthetics matter -> things that are pretty work better
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Norman's three levels of human reaction to a designed object
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Level 1: Visceral Reaction: Reacting without thinking, instinct. Can condition how ppl start to view the map
Level 2: Behavioral Reaction: How you interact with the map. Easy to use or frustrating?
Level 3: Reflective Level: Stepping back & thinking/reflecting about the design itself.…
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Visual Hierarchy
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The order in which objects are seen when first viewing a map.
People should see first what you want them to see first
What stands out
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Typeface
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Groups of characters designed to go together
They are designed to look similar to other characters in the typeface
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Serif vs Sans Serif
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Serif type has serifs, extra little fancy decorative things on typeface
San serif is a typeface without serifs
Serif used for physical features, sans serif for human constructs
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Style
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A type style is a variation on the typeface
e.g., Bold, Italic
Not every typeface has a style
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Case
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UPPER CASE and lower case
Title Case -> capitalize first letter of word in title
Small Caps: halfway between upper and lower case, made from all caps but different sized letters
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Tracking
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amount of space between each letter
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Leading
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Distance between lines
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Baseline Shift
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Everything typed is on a line, can move the text above or below the baseline
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Point Size
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1 point = 1/77th of an inch
Point size refers to the box size around the character
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Functions of Labeling
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Tells what and where something is
Gives distinctions between things:
Nominal Distinctions: distinguish btwn categories
Ordinal Distinctions: disntinguish btwn things in same category
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Placing Labels
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Goal is to be as clear as possible with labels, unambiguous
e.g., "This dot is this city"
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Labeling Points
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-Put label in the corner of the point
-Don't label right next to the point bc the point can look like a letter
-Space evenly
-When lines run near a dot, keep label on same side of the line as the point
-Label coastal features in the body of water to show the point's relationship to th…
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Labeling Lines
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-Label along the line, not like a point
-Don't label upside down
-Label should be above the line, curved with the feature
-Label multiple times if needed
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Labeling Areas
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-Spread across the area (tracking and leading come in handy)
-Curve the label with the area to show the label & area are associated
-If you can't fit the label inside the area, label the area as a point
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Masking
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Helps labels stand out in cluttered areas
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Colors
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Changing color of objects helps distinguish between features
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Lead Lines
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-Lines connecting the label to the feature helps create a clear relationship between objects
-Put the line in the middle of the label (center and symmetry important)
-Bends or curves can be used if can't do a straight line
-Don't use lead lines if you don't have to
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Waterbugging
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Labeling on a curve to get it out of the way of something else on the map
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Inset Maps
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Can separate information that is clustered and hard to label
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Solving Congestion/Cluttered Areas - Use Abbreviations
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Don't use unless necessary but it is a valuable tool to save space
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Annotations
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-Blocks of text that supplement the map patterns
-Describes patterns to ensure clarity
-Extra info not on map but relevant to the story can be included
-Keep annotations off of important areas but near the area it is talking about --> near but out of the way
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GEOG 370: Lec7&8