53 Cards in this Set
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History
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systematic study of the record of the human past
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Why study history of psych? (5)
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1. Coherent narrative
2. psych is very fragmented
3. context
4. progress: avoid repeating past studies
5. avoid pitfalls
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Historiography
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method of history based on examination of relevant sources
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Historicism
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objective analysis of the human past for its own sake
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presenticism
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interpretive study of past events
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2 different sources of history
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primary and secondary
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Internal historiography
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detailed account of discipline "from the inside"
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external historiography
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historical study 'from the outside'
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Philosophies of History
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- Great Person Orientation
- Zeitgeist Orientation
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Great person orientation
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history shaped by idea/actions of brilliant individuals
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Zeitgeist Orientation
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history is shaped by broad, impersonal forces; individuals don't necessarily affect history
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3 Theories of Historical Development
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1. cyclical
2. linear
3. chaos
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Cyclical
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history as endless process of repetition
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linear
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progressive: each generation builds upon the last
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chaos
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history as a series of random and unrelated events
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The reality of history
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1. multiple means for historical investigation
2. multiple perspectives on historical development
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Importance of philosophy to psychology
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-philosophy fundamental to science
-psychology emerged from philosophy
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Thomas S. Khun
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Paradigm Shifts: duck-rabbit illusion shows how paradigm shift can cause one to see same information in entirely different way
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Karl R. Popper
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Inductive versus deductive and falsifiability
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Falsifiability
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if theory is good, it should have potential to be wrong
-i.e. Freudian psych as not falsifiable: no outcome that a Freud. Psychoanalyst would not be able to explain (too vague and not really testable)
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Monism
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belief that one theory or approach can explain all psychological phenomena
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pluralism
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belief in many explanations of behavior and cognition
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psychogeny
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The study of the development of the mind
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Identity theory
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receive soul/mind some time in early development. The mind you have doesn't change with brain development
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Emergenticism
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mind emerges at some point from brain and changes with brain throughout lifespan
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Mind-body problem
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relationship between the mind (cognition) and body (physiology)
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monistic theory
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only have mind or a brain
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Dualistic theory
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mind and body
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3 monistic theories
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1. materialism
2. Idealism
3. Epiphenomenalism
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materialism
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the body is the only true reality
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idealism
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the ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and isn't physical
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Ephiphenomenalism
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the mind is secondary phenomena or singular from body
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4 dualistic theories
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1. interactionism
2. parallelism
3. occasionalism
4. pre-established harmony
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interactionism
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mind and body interact to cause a mutual event
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parallelism
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mind and body both exist, but on parallel planes
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occasionalism
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all interaction between mind and body is mediated by God
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pre-established harmony
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deity syncs everything up in beginning then leaves it from then on. God molds them then they're lined up for rest of life. Like timing two watches; they have same time, but one doesn't affect other
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libertarian view
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human actions vary as a function of ones own free will
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determinist view
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all events are caused and governed by natural law
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indeterminism
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some events aren't caused by law
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Fatalism
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future is fixed, irrespective of our attempts to change it
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Libet (1983)
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Measured time it took subjects to become consciously aware to move fingers
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Soon et al. (2008)
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fMRI trying to predict while button participants will choose
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inductive reasoning
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make observations then theorize
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deductive reasoning
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theory then observations
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empiricism
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knowledge is based on sensory experience (a posteriori). Not born with capacity to see in 3D but we learn it through time. Passive mind
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rationalism
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the source of all knowledge is reason (a priori). Humans are born with an innate sense and knowledge (like 3D). Active mind: able to perceive the world in 3 dimensions.
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reductionism
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molecular study of behavior, based on reduced, simple parts
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holism
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behavior and cognition should be studied in a whole. Mind tricks where pictures appear to have movement.
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epistemology
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study of the nature of knowledge (knowledge is a combo of truth and beliefs)
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Humans are naturally good at _____.
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categorization; noticing each individual stimulus and combining them into a category
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nature
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heredity and genetic traits determine behavior. Relative influence on how we behave. Imprinting.
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Nurture
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environment is responsible for behavior. Behavior is based on association from surrounding environment.
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PSY 401: EXAM 1